Clinical Haematology

Question 1

What are the components of blood?

Answer 1

Plasma
Buffy coat
Red blood cells

Question 2

What is contained within the plasma?

Answer 2

Clotting or coagulation factors
Albumin
Antibodies

Question 3

What is contained within the buffy coat?

Answer 3

Platelets

White cells or leucocytes

Question 4

What are the functions of blood?

Answer 4

Transport
Maintenance of vascular integrity
Protection from pathogens

Question 5

How are leaks prevented?

Answer 5

Platelets and clotting factors

Question 6

How are blockages prevented?

Answer 6

Anticoagulants and fibrinolytics

Question 7

Where is bone marrow in children?

Answer 7

In most bones

Question 8

Where is bone marrow in the elderly?

Answer 8

In axial bones

Question 9

What is the reticulocyte count?

Answer 9

A measure of red cell production

Question 10

Where is erythropoietin made?

Answer 10

In the kidney

Question 11

When is erythropoietin made?

Answer 11

In response to hypoxia

Question 12

What are the consequences of anaemia?

Answer 12

Poor gas transfer - dyspnoea, fatigue

Question 13

What is a haematinic?

Answer 13

A nutrient required for the formation of blood cells in the process of haematopoiesis

Question 14

What is haematopoeisis?

Answer 14

Formation of blood cellular components

Question 15

Haematinics

Answer 15

Iron
B12
Folate

Question 16

What is thalassaemia?

Answer 16

A group of congenital condition where people produce either no or too little haemoglobin

Question 17

What is haemolysis?

Answer 17

Rupture or destruction of red blood cells

Question 18

What is the function of neutrophils?

Answer 18

To ingest and destroy pathogens, especially bacteria and fungi

Question 19

Lifespan of neutrophils

Answer 19

1-2 days

Question 20

Speed of response of neutrophils

Answer 20

A few hours

Question 21

Causes of neutropenia

Answer 21

Decreased production
Increased consumption
Altered function

Question 22

Causes of decreased production of neutrophils

Answer 22

Drugs

Marrow failure

Question 23

Causes of increased consumption of neutrophils

Answer 23

Sepsis

Autoimmune

Question 24

What is the function of monocytes?

Answer 24

To ingest and destroy pathogens, especially bacteria and fungi

Question 25

What are monocytes in the kidney?

Answer 25

Intraglomerular mesangial cells

Question 26

What are monocytes in the brain?

Answer 26

Microglia

Question 27

What are monocytes in the skin?

Answer 27

Langerhans' cells

Question 28

What is the function of eosinophils?

Answer 28

Parasites | Allergy

Question 29

What is lymphocytosis?

Answer 29

Increased number of lymphocytes

Question 30

Causes of lymphocytosis

Answer 30

Infectious mononucleosis | Pertussis

Question 31

Causes of lymphopenia

Answer 31

Usually post viral | Lymphoma

Question 32

Lymphocyte subtypes

Answer 32

B cells T cells NK cells

Question 33

B cells

Answer 33

Bursa cells | Make antibodies

Question 34

T cells

Answer 34

Thymus cells | Helper, cytotoxic, regulatory

Question 35

Where are lymphocytes produced?

Answer 35

In bone marrow

Question 36

Where do B cells mature?

Answer 36

Bone marrow

Question 37

Where do T cells mature?

Answer 37

Thymus

Question 38

What varies between different Ig types

Answer 38

Heavy chain

Question 39

What is felty syndrome?

Answer 39

Severe form of rheumatoid arthritis, characterized by a triad of RA, splenomegaly and neutropenia

Question 40

Hepatic disease effect on blood

Answer 40

Anaemia | Deficient clotting factors

Question 41

Renal disease effect on blood

Answer 41

Anaemia | Haemolytic uraemic syndrome

Question 42

Cardiovascular disease effect on blood

Answer 42

Anaemia

Question 43

Respiratory disease effect on blood

Answer 43

Polycythaemia

Question 44

GI disease effect on blood

Answer 44

Anaemia

Question 45

What happens when there is too much plasma in the blood?

Answer 45

Paraproteins

Question 46

Haematological diagnostic tools

Answer 46

``` Full blood count Clotting times for clotting factors Bleeding time for platelets Chemical assays (iron, B12, folate) Marrow aspirate Lymph node biopsy Imaging ```

Question 47

Haematology treatments

Answer 47

Replacement Transplantation Drugs

Question 48

What part of the blood has undergone clotting and does not contain clotting factors? (Plasma/serum)

Answer 48

Serum

Question 49

What part of the blood has not undergone clotting and contains clotting factors? (Plasma/serum)

Answer 49

Plasma

Question 50

What is an erythrocyte?

Answer 50

Red blood cell

Question 51

What are the white blood cells?

Answer 51

``` Neutrophil Monocyte Basophil Eosinophil Lymphocyte ```

Question 52

What are myeloid cells?

Answer 52

``` Erythrocyte Neutrophil Monocyte Basophil Eosinophil ```