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Semester 2 PM Exam 1 > Clinical Lab Tests > Flashcards

Clinical Lab Tests Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

Hematology Tests

A

study of cells or fragments of cells formed in the bone marrow and released into the blood

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2
Q

Chemistry/Biochemistry Tests

A

Measures substances within the body fluid

Metabolic functions

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3
Q

Microbiology tests

A

identification and isolation of pathologies

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4
Q

Cytology

A

analysis of cells and cell smears

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5
Q

Histology

A

tissue analysis

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6
Q

Urinalysis

A

urine analysis

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7
Q

Immunology

A

antigen-antibody interaction

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8
Q

Lab Standards

A
  1. values represent a physiologic function
  2. Reference range
  3. outcomes are influenced by methods and equipment
  4. no distinct cut off
  5. controls are needed
  6. Reference ranges tend to be specific to the lab performing them
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9
Q

Issues that affect lab values

A
  1. drugs
  2. body weight
  3. gender, race, ethnicity
  4. Altitude
  5. nutritional level and hydration
  6. time of day
  7. how specimen is handled
  8. activity
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10
Q

Exercise effects

A
  1. inc fibrolytic activity
  2. inc triglycerides
  3. inc protein urea
  4. inc CPK
  5. Inc WBC
  6. Dec PTT
  7. Inc glucose levels
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11
Q

Basal Metabolic Panel

A 
Group of 8 tests
1. Na
2. K
3. Cl
4. Ca
5. Blood urea nitrogen
6. Glucose
7. CO2
8. Creatinine 
Often screening tool
Venipuncture
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12
Q

Serum Calcium - Decreased

A

Hypocalcemia

  • Hypoparathyroidism
  • Malabsorption syndrome
  • Renal failure
  • s/s periheral numbness, mm twitching, cramps, arrhythmias
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13
Q

Serum Calcium - Increased

A

higher in children than adults
Hypercalcemia
- Immobilization, multiple fractures/trauma
- Hyperparathyroidism, Paget’s disease, multiple myeloma
- Excessive Vit D intake
- Metastatic neoplasia
- s/s deep bone pain, flank pain, mm hypotonicity

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14
Q

Serum Potassium - Decreased

A

Hypokalemia

  • diuretic use, diarrhea, chronic polynephritis
  • s/s decrease mm stregnth, disorientation, clammy skin, resp failure, tetany, ECG changes
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15
Q

Serum Potassium - Increased

A 
Hyperkalemia
- Renal insufficiency
- Excessive Vit D
- Multiple fractures/trauma
- s/s flaccid paralysis, ECG changes
>6.6 treatment is contraindicated
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16
Q

Glucose

A

Ideal range for FBG is 80-120

REVIEW FROM TEXT

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17
Q

Blood urea nitrogen

A

End product of protein metabolism

Liver and Kidney function

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18
Q

Increase BUN

A

Renal failure
Dehydration
Burns
GI bleed

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19
Q

Decrease BUN

A

Hepatic dysfunction

Malnutrition

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20
Q

Creatinine

A

Determine kidney filtration rates

Regulated and excreted by kidney

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21
Q

Inc Creatinine

A

Kidney disorders

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22
Q

Dec Creatinine

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A

very uncommon and not usually significant

23
Q

Comprehensive Metabolic Panel

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A

BMP plus markers for liver function

Includes serum proteins and serum enzymes that may also demonstrate other tissues (muscle) damage

24
Q

Complete Blood Count

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A

Components include RBC, WBC, HgB, HCT, Platelets, differential, various indicies
TABLE FOR GUIDELINES

25
WBC count
Measurement of WBCs within whole blood Range = 4000-10000/microliter Can vary as much as 2000 on any given day
26
WBC Differential
Distribution and morphology of WBCs within the blood Usually done as a percentage Provides more specific info about possible pathology
27
Neutrophils (PMN)
``` First line of defense 50% of WBC in circulation Phagocytic Inc with bacterial and parasitic infections Might be dec with viral infection Dec in immunocompromised states Dec with some vitamin deficiencies ```
28
Neutrophils cont. - standards
500 or less requires isolation | Band cell = immature neutrophils (3-5%)
29
Shift left with neutrophil
Inc number of band cells (immature)
30
Shift right with neutrophils
Inc number of mature neutrophils
31
Eosinophils
1-4% Allergic conditions Late stages of inflammation Parasitic infections
32
Inc and Dec Eosinophils
Inc with some collagen disorders (some types of RA) | Dec with physiologic stress rxns (trauma, burn, shock ,surgery)
33
Basophils
34
Monocytes/Macrphages
``` 9% 2nd line of defense Released as monocytes and mature into macrophages 36 hour process Phagocytic ```
35
Lymphocytes
``` 36% Humoral and cell mediated immunity Produce antibodies and react with antigens Many diff types Very active in viral infections ```
36
RBC
120 day life | Normal values vary depending on age, gender, sample size, geographic location
37
RBC Male
4.2-5.4 million/microliter
38
RBC Female
3.6-5 million/microliter
39
RBC implications
Further testing if abnormal Inc = polycythemia Dec = anemia, fluid overload, bone marrow suppression, hemorrhage
40
Hematocrit/Hemoglobin
Usually done together | If dec could be hemorrhage. iron deficiency or sample size effect
41
Hematocrit
% volume of packed RBCs | Values vary based on gender and age
42
Total Hemoglobin
[ ] of Hgb found in sample of whole blood A measure of the O2 carrying capacity of the RBC Various forms of Hgb
43
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
Screening test only Has been used to monitor course of a pathology Nonspecific indicator for variety of things Infectious diseases, systemic inflammation, rheumatologic disorders
44
C-reactive protein
Might be becoming more specific indicator of systemic inflammatory conditions Produced in liver as part of the inflammatory response Indicator of a systemic inflammation Currently used primarily as indicator of vascular and cardiac pathology
45
Platelets
AKA Megakaryocytes Primary func is coagulation and capillary integrity Play important role in inflammation process and tissue healing (PGF) 8-10 day lifespan
46
Platelet Count - patient populations
``` bone marrow transplantation chemotherapy bleeding disorders surgical patients oral contraceptive use - inc arthroscelerosis - inc ```
47
Levels - platelet count
150,000 - 450,000 = normal Below 50,000 spontanrous bleed Damage (bleed) from activity does not present for hours
48
Prothrombin Time (PT)
``` Norm 10-14 seconds Measures the time it takes for blood to clot Measuring extrinsic clotting factors Coumadin acts on this pathway Older test ```
49
Activated partial thromblastin time (PTT)
``` Screens intrinsic clotting factors Heparin monitor Normal 25-36 seconds Greater than 70 seconds is sig problem Older test ```
50
International Normalized Ratio (INR)
Taken the place PT and PTT in most cases Adjusted PT based on the the PT patient test and what is normal Normal INR = 0.9-1.1
51
DVT anticoagulation INR
2-3 | If you have someone being tx for DVT and they are low in range, they are at risk for a pulmonary embolism
52
Heart valve replacement INR
2.5-3.5
53
INR >4
may have issue with exercise - problems with bleeding too

Semester 2 PM Exam 1 (7 decks)

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