Clinical manifestations

Question 1

Hypocalcemia

Answer 1

Tetany (Trousseau and Chvostek), face tingles, bronchospasm / laryngeal stridor, cardiac dysrhythmia, dysphagia

Also: ECG changes, numb, seizures, hyperactive reflexes, hypotension, diarrhea, and decreased Mg and K

Question 2

Hypercalcemia

Answer 2

Neuro (personality, coma, confused, memory, psychosis)
Weak, fatigue, low reflexes
Dysrhythmia/ECG, stones / flank pain, n and v/anorexia, bone pain/fractures, dehydration, polyuria

Also: thirst, cramps, ulcers

Question 3

Hypophosphatemia

Answer 3

Often asymptomatic
Weak, pain, respiratory failure, cardio myopathy, confused

Also: paresthesia, hypoxia, bone pain, seizures

Question 4

Hyperphosphatemia

Answer 4

Often asymptomatic
Calcified deposits, tetany

Also: tachycardia, n and v and anorexia, weak, overactive reflexes

Question 5

Hypomagnesemia

Answer 5

Tetany, ECG changes/dysrhythmia/torsade de pointes, low K and Ca, increased reflexes, cramps, tremors, seizures

Also: insomnia, moody, anorexia and vom, high BP, confused, dysphagia, dig toxicity

Question 6

Hypermagnesemia

Answer 6

Low reflexes, ECG changes, respiratory and cardiac arrest, lethargy, low BP, n and V

Also: drowsy, flushing and diaphoresis, decreased CNS, coma

Question 7

Hyperkalemia

Answer 7

ECG (tall T), heart block, v fib, cardiac arrest
Muscle weak, cramps, diarrhea

MURDER (muscle weak, urine problems, respiratory problems, decreased contractility, ECG, reflexes)

Also: paresthesia, distention, anxiety, irritable

Question 8

Hypokalemia

Answer 8

Constipation, low blood flow, high blood sugar

6 Ls (lethargy, limp muscle, low respiration, lots of urine, leg cramps, lethal dysrhythmia)

Also: n and v and anorexia, paresthesia, low BP, distention, low reflexes, low T wave

Question 9

Hyponatremia

Answer 9

Low osmolality, HA, n and v, anorexia, dizzy, confused, cramp, twitch, seizure, dry skin, high pulse, low BP, weight gain, edema

Question 10

Hypernatremia

Answer 10

High osmolality, thirst, high temp, hallucinations, dry tongue, lethargic, irritable, seizure, pulmonary edema, NV anorexia, high pulse, high BP

Question 11

Hypovolemia

Answer 11

Low BP, high HR, high respiration
Weak, lethargic, dizzy, seizure, coma
Pale, weight loss, concentrated urine, thirsty
Decreased turgor, urine output, and capillary refill

Question 12

Hypervolemia

Answer 12

High BP, bounding, S3
SOB, crackles, dyspnea
Edema - peripheral, sacral, pulmonary
HA, high UOP, JVD
Weight gain

Question 13

Gastritis

Answer 13

Acute: pain, dyspepsia, NV and anorexia, hiccups, blood

Chronic: fatigue, pyrosis, burps, sour mouth, halitosis, early satiety, NV and anorexia, pernicious anemia due to malabsorption of B12 (low intrinsic factor)

Question 14

PUD

Answer 14

Pain, heartburn, vom

Question 15

Constipation

Answer 15

Less than three per week
Distention, pain, bloating
Hard, incomplete, straining

Question 16

Diarrhea

Answer 16

Distention, thirst, cramps, anorexia
Watery, frequent

Question 17

IBS

Answer 17

Altered bowel patterns
Pain, bloating, distention

Question 18

Appendicitis

Answer 18

RLQ pain, nausea, anorexia, fever

Question 19

Peritonitis

Answer 19

S/s of infection, pain (increased when moving), low appetite, NV, paralytic ileus (paused motility)
VS: fever, high HR, low BP

Question 20

Crohn

Answer 20

Abdominal pain and diarrhea
Fistula, mass, abscess
Asymmetrical inflammation

Question 21

UC

Answer 21

Bloody diarrhea
Symmetrical inflammation
Usually only affects the mucosal layer

Question 22

IBD

Answer 22

Pain, diarrhea, tenesmus, nausea, weight loss

Question 23

Colorectal cancer

Answer 23

Changes in bowel habits
Blood, tenesmus, pain

Question 24

Cholelithiasis

Answer 24

Usually none
Pain, jaundice, pee and poop change color, fat vitamin deficiency (ADEK)

Question 25

Pancreatitis

Answer 25

Labs: high amylase and lipase, hyperG and hypoCa, high WBC, high bilirubin Pain (mid epigastric to the back) NV, fever, jaundice, confusion, agitation Sepsis and peritonitis if severe

Question 26

GERD

Answer 26

Heartburn, dental erosion, dysphagia

Question 27

Obstruction

Answer 27

No bowel sounds below obstruction, hyperactive above Pain, NVD (throwing up feces) Necrosis where obstruction is

Question 28

Diverticulitis

Answer 28

Pain at sigmoid LLQ Constipation May lead to fistula, peritonitis

Question 29

BE

Answer 29

Pink (not white) lining Heartburn, reflux, indigestion, stomach pain

Question 30

Malignant hyperthermia

Answer 30

Tachycardia Hypotension Muscle rigidity Increased temperature