Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Applications Of Pathology > Clinical pathology > Flashcards

Clinical pathology Flashcards

(51 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is the purpose of clinical chemistry?

A
  • To assess for disease
  • To assess for organ function
  • Assess metabolic function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What substances in the blood are assessed for in a blood pcv?

A
  • Enzymes
  • Proteins
  • Albumins
  • Globulins
  • Electrolytes
  • Na
  • K
  • Cl
  • Minerals
  • Lipids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What other tests can be done in apart from haem?

A

All comes under clinical pathology

  • Cytology
  • Endocrinology
  • Urinalysis
  • Drug assays
  • Molecular testing
  • Immunohistochemsitry and flow cytometry
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the advantages and disadv. of serum or plasma?

A

Serum is only obtained after leaving to clot for a minimum of 30 minutes.

Most biochemistry tests can be performed on plasma or serum.

Type of anticoagulant used to obtain plasma may impact ability to do tests though.

https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/173/612/371/a_image_thumb.png?1450988340

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When are enzymes used?

A

Assays often assessing function

Enzymes often require co-factors to catalyse substances

End point often a colour change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do you know whether the result is significant?

A

Reference intervals and doses taken at 95% etc. Using standard deviation and mean results will make up a reference curve for the results to be interpredid by.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When do you take a sample?

A

Starving for 8-12 hours or 24 hours is useful.

Or

Sampling when clinical effects is most apparent-post seizure

Or

Peak times of when using drug analysis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is albumin?

A

One of the smallest proteins commonly found in plasma/serum.

Synthesised in the liver

Increases seen with dehydration

decreases will reflect:

  • increased loss of albumin
  • decreased production/negative acute phase protein
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is globulins?

A

Increases antigenic stimulation

Decreases due to loss of:

  • Haemorrhage
  • PLE
  • PLN
  • Decreased production or over increased protein catabolism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Whats azotaemia?

A

Elevation of urea and creatine

-could be:

pre renal

renal

post renal

could be due to:

  • hydration status of the patient and
  • USG

-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What could pre renal azotaemia be due to?

A

Dehydration- most commonly second to vomiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What could be post renal azataemia be due to?

A

Obstruction- full bladder, possible history of stranguria

Ruptured bladder- post obstruction or RTA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What could renal azataemia be due to?

A

Due to renal failure, acute/chronic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Whats ALT and the consequences?

A

Alanine aminotransferase

Hepatocellular, most present in cells

Transient increase seen in liver damage.

Elevations may not correspond with degree of liver damage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What ALP and the consequences?

A

Alkaline phosphatase.

Sensitive but not specific for cholestasis. Released from the brush broders of bile duct.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What GGT and the consequences?

A

Specific test for cholestasis and biliary tree disease

Less sensitive than ALP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Whats bilirubin and the consequences?

A

Increases may be pre hepatic, hepatic and post hepatic.

Pre hepatic:

Haemolysis, check HCT

Hepatic, post hepatic,

cholestasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Whats bile acids and the consequences?

A

Functional test for the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Whats ammonia and the consequences?

A

Functional test for hepatocytes.

Elevations may also be seen following exposure to air

Need to seperate from EDTA plasma immediately.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Whats cholesterol and the consequences?

A

Metabolised within the liver

Inversely proportional to T4. Increases seen with

  • hepatic disease
  • endocrine disease
  • nephrotic syndrome

decreases seen with:

malabsorption

hyperthyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Whats creatine kinase and the consequences?

Study These Flashcards
A

Indicative of muscle cell leakage/damage

Rapid elevation and relatively short life. AST has a slower response, but elevations may persist for longer.

23
Q

What is urinalysis?

Study These Flashcards
A

Assess with the current hydration, Free catch of cystocentesis

Gross appearence USG, Dipstick, Sediment, Culture, Cytology.

24
Q

Where would you see calcium oxalate cyrstals usually?

Study These Flashcards
A

In ethylene glycol poisoning

25
What are the different types of sampling?
Fine needle aspiration/Fine needle biopsies/crocidile clipping/ surface impression smear/swab collection
26
When do neutrophils come about and what do they look like?
They predominate in acute inflammation and can be degenerate. Swelling of cells with fuzzy outlines, most commonly in gram negative sepsis. https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/173/647/407/a\_image\_thumb.png?1451145523
27
When do macrophages come about and what do they look like?
Common in chronic inflammation. They are phagocytic and has cellular debris usually with foreign material. https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/173/673/283/a\_image\_thumb.png?1451145640
28
When is lymphocytic inflammation most common?
Most common in chronic inflammation. With a mixed population of lymphocytes and plasma cells. https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/173/673/391/a\_image\_thumb.png?1451145739
29
When is eosinophilic inflammation most common? and what does it look like?
Hypersensitivity/allergic reaction and hypereosinophilic reaction https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/173/673/420/a\_image\_thumb.png?1451145857
30
How do you determine in cytology?
https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/173/673/449/a\_image\_thumb.png?1451145938
31
What determines whether its a sarcoma or a carcinoma? and what does this mean?
-Round cell tumours from haematopoietic cells (mesoderm) -Epithelial tumours oma, carcinoma (benign) prefix adeno (glandular) -Mesenchymal tumours oma or sarcoma (benign)
32
When is a round cell come about and what is the significance?
Round to oval in shape. High nucleus to cytoplasm ratio. Arranged in sheet like patterns. https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/173/673/790/a\_image\_thumb.png?1451146688
33
When are epithelial cells most common and why do they come about?
They are arranged in sheets, clusters etc. https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/173/673/845/a\_image\_thumb.png?1451146997
34
What are the criterias of malignancies?
- Anisocytosis (pleomorphism) - Anisokaryosis (variation in nuclues size\_ - Increased nucleus to cytoplasm ratio - Bi, multinucleation - coarse chromatin pattern - Nucleoli, increased number and size. abnormal shapes - Increased mitotic rate - Aberrant mitotic figures
35
When do mesenchymal cells come about and why?
Arrangement in aggregates often haphazard or individual aggregates. https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/173/674/278/a\_image\_thumb.png?1451147484
36
What are the pitfalls of cytology?
https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/173/674/387/a\_image\_thumb.png?1451147567
37
Whats a common endocrine disorder in dogs and whats it do?
Cushings syndrome Also known as hyperadrenocorticism, increased levels of cortisol. May be rapidily increased with stimulus. Can be affected by many things. Must have a good clinical suspicion of testing. Can be caused either by a tumour of the pituitary gland in the pars distalis. https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/173/674/852/a\_image\_thumb.png?1451148575
38
What is the test for cushings?
Low dose dexamethasone suppresion test. Take basal sample, adminster a low amount of dexamethasone. Measure cortisol and their levels 4 to 8 hours after adminstration. In HAC: the dexameth. will escape after 8 hours. There is no suppression.
39
What is the other test for cushings?
ACTH stimulation test. Take basal sample. Adminster ACTH sample HAC will have ACTH levels above normal.
40
When horsings get HAC why is it different to a dog get HAC?
A horse will get the pituitary tumour in the pars intermedia rahter than pars distalis.
41
What tests can you use for HAC in a horse?
Equine testing dextamethasone suppression test. Unusual results in a ppid horse have increased post dextramethasone serum.
42
Whats the difference between cushings and addisons?
Cushings is hyperadrenocorticism- too much adrenaline. Addisons is hypoadrenocorticism- too little adrenaline.
43
How do you test for addisons?
Exact same ACTH stimulation but expect low basal numbers than the average.
44
What disease affecting the thyroids is most common in dogs but differnet in cats?
Dogs- Hypothyroidism: To low total output Cats- Hyperthyroidism: to high total output
45
What thyroid hormones do you know?
T4, T3, TSH (thyroid stimulating hormones https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/173/678/272/a\_image\_thumb.png?1451154374
46
How do you test for feline hyperthyroidism?
Measure the total T4 protein- increase in amount of T4
47
How do you test for canine hypothyroidism?
Low total T4 Increased TSH but low T4 due to bad thyroid refer to the other diagram. Some drugs can also alter the T4
48
What is dynamic testing and what can it split into?
Suppression of the hormone production Maximal stimulation of production
49
What are the major reasons for analyzing patient samples via laboratory procedures?
To detect an unidentified pathologic state To define, classify, or confirm a pathopsychological disorder or disease state. To assess changes in a pathologic state either due to a natural progression of the disease or medical therapy.
50
What is the distribution in this graph? https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/173/678/772/q\_image\_thumb.png?1451155383
On the left it is a gaussian distribution. On the right it is a positive skewness distribition.
51
How do you determine the specificity and sensitivity of results?
https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/173/678/801/a\_image\_thumb.png?1451155954

Applications Of Pathology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions