Clinical Pathophysiology- Head and Neck

Question 1

Everything that touches air is made up of

Answer 1

Simple or pseudostratified Columnar epithelium

Question 2

If columnar epithelium is damaged what happeneds

Answer 2

it will undergo METAPLASIA- (replaced with a different cell type) usually the Simple or pseudostratified Columnar epithelium will trun into staratified epithelium

Question 3

what can cause Metaplasia?

Answer 3

Degenerative, Inflammation and neoplasic

Question 4

Everything that touches FOOD is made up of

Answer 4

Stratified squamous (tough)

Question 5

what can cause metaplasia in Stratified squamous epitheilum?

Answer 5

Degerneative, inflammation, neoplastic

Question 6

Deciduous teeth AKA

Answer 6

Milk, Baby, or Primary teeth

Question 7

How many Decidous teeth are there?

Answer 7

20 total

Question 8

when do dectdous teeth begin to erupt?

Answer 8

6 months to 2 years

Question 9

when do decidous teeth begin to shed?

Answer 9

6 to 12 years of age

Question 10

How many Permanent teeth are there?

Answer 10

32

Question 11

what are the new recomendations for the first dental visit?

Answer 11

at 1 year of age

Question 12

what is Enamel made up of?

Answer 12

Enamelin and amelogenin protiens

Question 13

discribe enamel

Answer 13

hard, inert, acellular. Most highly mineralized tissue in the body

Question 14

what is enamel synthesized by?

Answer 14

Ameoblast cells which are located on top of the dentin and are ONLY around durring tooth development

Question 15

what are ameoblast around?

Answer 15

Only durring tooth development

Question 16

What is Dentin ?

Answer 16

Usually, it is covered by enamel
Cellular
Specialzed Connective tissue
Contains Dential Tubules

Question 17

What creates Dentin?

Answer 17

Odontoblast.

Question 18

What is an odontoblast

Answer 18

lie between dentin and pulp which create Dentin.

Question 19

The specialized dentinal tubules are exentions of what?

Answer 19

the tubles are cytoplasmic extentions. they being in the dentin and extend to the enamel

Question 20

Pulp

Answer 20

Loose CT and fibroblasts

Question 21

What is the Pulp Rich in?

Answer 21

Nerve Bundles
Lymphatics
Capillaries

Question 22

What are Peridontal ligaments

Answer 22

Connects Cementum to the alveolar bone

Question 23

What disease is when the peridontal ligament is no longer attached

Answer 23

Paridontal Disease

Question 24

Define Tooth Decay

Answer 24

Focal degradation of tooth structure
Mineral dissolution of tooth structure by acid Metabolic end product from bacteria capable of fermenting sugars.

Bacteria use sugar letting off lactic acid causing tooth decay

Question 25

What can cause tooth decay?

Answer 25

``` Processed Carbohydrates (sugars) Bacterial (Strep mutants or lactobacilli) causing acid erosion of enamel PH Spacing Brushing ```

Question 26

When is tooth loss most common?

Answer 26

before the age of 35

Question 27

S. Mutans

Answer 27

Gram + | Metabolizes sucrose turning it into lactic acid

Question 28

Lactobacilli

Answer 28

``` Gram + Metabolizes Lactose (Found in milk) and turns it into lactic acid ```

Question 29

What is most common in infants?

Answer 29

Lactobacilli bacterial cavities

Question 30

What is more likely to cause cavities?

Answer 30

- Prolonged Breast feeding or bottle feeding (more than 12 mo) - Frequent consumption of sugary beverages and snacks - Prolonged use of a training up (sippy cup) through out the day - Use of a bottle at bed time - use of liquid medications for longer than 3 weeks - Enamel pits or defects - Exposure to tobacco smoke

Question 31

What are some goals for healthy people in 2020

Answer 31

Decrase Primary dention cavities (3-5 years) from 33% to 30% - Decrease the amount of mixed dentition cavities (6 to 9 years) from 54% to 49% - Decrease the amount of permanent dentition (adolescents) from 54% to 48%

Question 32

in 1970 what % of school aged children had caries?

Answer 32

75%

Question 33

what were the results of the care regareding consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and the presence of S. Mutants?

Answer 33

they both were predicitive of 18 mo caries

Question 34

what do salivary levels of BIFIDOBACTERIA determine?

Answer 34

they are significantly assoiciated with caries the bifidobacteria is a gram positive anarobe which is found in probiotics such as yogurt thus we may actually be creating increase rates of caries due to our consumption of probiotics

Question 35

what is the function of Floride?

Answer 35

Incorporates into crystalline structure of enamel: forms FLUOAPATITE Provides resistance to degradation by bacterial acids

Question 36

What is key to floride levels?

Answer 36

a certian amount strenthens the teeth but too much can damage the enamel

Question 37

what are the recomended Floride levels for 0-6 mo?

Answer 37

0.01 mg/day

Question 38

what are the recomended Floride levels for 7-12 mo?

Answer 38

0.5 mg/day

Question 39

what are the recomended Floride levels for 1-3 years?

Answer 39

0.7 mg/day

Question 40

what are the recomended Floride levels for 4-8 years?

Answer 40

1 mg/day

Question 41

what are the recomended Floride levels for 9-13 years

Answer 41

2 mg/day

Question 42

what are the recomended Floride levels for 14-18 years?

Answer 42

3 mg/ day

Question 43

what are the recomended Floride levels for Adults?

Answer 43

Male 4 mg/day | Females 3 mg/day

Question 44

what are the recomended levels of Floride (WHO) in city water?

Answer 44

0.5-1.0 mg/L of water

Question 45

what are the recorded levels of floride actually found in city water (CDC)?

Answer 45

0.7-1.2 mg/L of water

Question 46

what occurs when a person consumes to much floride?

Answer 46

Fluorosis - anything over 0.5mh/kg/day

Question 47

what does Fluorosis cause?

Answer 47

Hypermineralization of the theeth | This can range from mild to severe

Question 48

What is Gingiva?

Answer 48

It is the squamous mucosa in between the teeth and aound them

Question 49

what is Gingivitis?

Answer 49

Inflammation of the muscoa and associated tissues

Question 50

Some pregnet women well develop Gingivitis durring pregnacy, but it is importatnt to note that:

Answer 50

It does not increase bone loss

Question 51

In addition to Florosis's effects on the teeth it also effects

Answer 51

the cortex of the bones, causing weakness and bowing

Question 52

what is the cause of Gingivitis?

Answer 52

lack of proper oral hyginene leading to dental plaque and calculus

Question 53

what is plaque (3 main things)

Answer 53

bacterial bioflim (formed by oral bacteria) Protiens in saliva desquamated epithelial cells

Question 54

what is calculus (tartar)

Answer 54

Mineralized

Question 55

what are some manifestations of Ginivitis?

Answer 55

Erythema, edema and bleeding

Question 56

who is most likely to have gingivitis?

Answer 56

adolesence

Question 57

is ginivitis reversible?

Answer 57

yes

Question 58

what is gingiva hyperplasia?

Answer 58

Medication induced gingival overgrowth

Question 59

what cause gingiva hyperplaisa

Answer 59

Phenyton Dilantin Ca channel blockers