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POS - Clinical Practice > Clinical Practice, Lab, Anthelmintics > Flashcards

Clinical Practice, Lab, Anthelmintics Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

Causes of anorexia? (6)

A

ToxinsPyrexiaHepatic diseaseCNS diseaseNeoplasiaElectrolyte disturbance

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2
Q

3 common causes of maldigestion?

A

EPI⬇️ bile acid⬇️ brush border enzymes

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3
Q

3 common causes of malabsorption?

A

SI diseasePrimary GI diseaseMetabolic disease

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4
Q

2 reasons for malutilisation?

A

⬇️ nutrient utilisationLoss of nutrients after utilisation

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5
Q

Primary GI malabsorption causes? (5)

A

IBD LymphangiectasiaGI lymphomaSevere bacterial overgrowthDry FIP

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6
Q

Secondary GI malabsorption causes? (3)

A

Hepatic diseaseRHS cardiac failureHyperthyroidism

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7
Q

Causes of malutilisation? (7)

A

DMCongested heart failureDirofilariasisNeoplasiaHyperthyroidismLiver disease ️Renal disease

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8
Q

What is radiography?

A

Shadow of object using x-Ray beams

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9
Q

What is tomography?

A

Image of section through body

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10
Q

What is scintigraphy?

A

Images representing distribution of radioactivity injected into patient

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11
Q

What is an MRI?

A

Magnetic energy to patient and collect radio waves between pulses

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12
Q

What is ultrasonography?

A

Firing of pulses of high frequency sound into body and collecting echoes

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13
Q

When are X-ray beams produced?

A

When fast electrons collide with heavy metal atoms

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14
Q

What affects the absorption of X-rays? (3)

A

DensityAtomic no of tissue elementsThickness of tissue

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15
Q

What is mAs?

A

Milliamperes - number of electrons = currentTime = duration of current

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16
Q

What is kVp?

A

Kilovoltage peak = voltage applied across tube⬆️kPv ➡️ ⬆️penetration

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17
Q

What do erythrocytes indicate in haematology? (2)

A

Anaemia Erythrocytosis

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18
Q

What do leukocytes represent in haematology? (3)

A

InflammationNeoplastic conditionsChemo

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19
Q

What do platelets represent in haematology? (2)

A

Bleeding disordersDIC

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20
Q

What does PCV measure? (3)

A

TPPlasma colourPlasma quantity

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21
Q

A CBC includes? (7)

A

RBC concHGB total haemoHCT haematocritMCVMCHMCHCRDW

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22
Q

How do you classify anaemia in terms of severity, MCV, MCHC?

A

Mild, moderate, severeNormocytic, microcyctic, macrocyticNormochromic, hypochromic, hyperchromic

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23
Q

2 causes of regenerative anaemia?

A

HaemorrhageHaemolysis

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24
Q

Two causes of non-regenerative anaemia?

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A

CRF⬇️BM production

25
What do you see in non-regenerative anaemia cytology?
Reticulocytes - young, large, blue (diff-quick/giemsa)
26
What is measured in CBC? (5)
️NeutrophilsLymphocytesMonocytesEosinophilsBasophils
27
Two characteristics of regenerative left shift?
️NeutrophilsSegmented > bands
28
Two degenerative left shift characteristics?
NeutropeniaBands > segmented
29
Indicator of acute leukemia?
Blast cells in circulation, immature WBCs
30
Two types of acute leukemia?
Lymphoid - T/B/NK cellsMyeloid - mono/macro/neutro/baso/eosino/erythro/platelets
31
Two types of chronic leukaemia?
CLL - high numbers of small mature lymphocytes CML - high numbers of neutrophils that appear normal
32
What does TP indicate? (6)
⬆️Dehydration⬆️Inflammation⬆️Neoplasia⬇️Loss⬇️Synthesis⬇️Dilution
33
When is fluid therapy needed? (4)
Hypovolemic shockDehydrationAzotaemiaIntoxication
34
What are fluids made up of? (8)
WaterNaClKMgCaBuffersDextrose
35
What are the 3 types of fluid therapy?
CrystalloidsSynthetic colloidsNatural colloids
36
What is crystalloid therapy?
H2O and small moleculesElectrolytesBuffersDextroseCommon, cheap, equal dist
37
What are synthetic colloids?
H2O and large moleculesElectrolytesBuffersExpensiveStays in intravascular space longer
38
What are natural colloids?
Blood products - fresh, packed, frozen
39
What does serology indicate? (5)
Exposure to specific pathogenResponse to vaccinationIMDInnate markers -APPAdaptive markers - ABs, cytokines
40
What is immunoassay used for? (3)
Specific pathogenMeasurement of biomarkerImmunophenotyping
41
Effect of opioids?
Decrease segmental gut contractions
42
Effects of anti-cholinergics? (4)
⬇️ perstalsis⬇️ motility⬇️ IBD pain⬇️ spasmodic colic
43
What is the name of group 1 anthelmintics?
Benzimidazoles - White
44
What is the name of group 2 anthelmintics?
Imidazothiazoles - yellow
45
What is the name of group 3 anthelmintics?
Macrocyclic lactones - clear
46
What is the name of group 4 anthelmintics?
Amino acetonitrile derivatives
47
What is the name of group 5 anthelmintics?
Spiroindoles
48
Name the 5 narrow spectrum anthelmintics and what are they for?
``` Salicylonilides - fluke Pyrazisoquinolines -tapewormers Arsenicals - heartworm Depsipeptides Piperazines ```
49
What is the mechanism of Benzimidazole? Dosage?
White drench - binds to parasite tubulin Inhibits glucose uptake, depletes glycogen ➡️ death ⬆️ duration of exposure, kills slowly, multiple doses
50
What is the mechanism of imidazothiazole? Dosage?
Yellow - cholinergic agonist - rapid spastic paralysis | Short half life
51
What is the mechanism of macrocyclic lactones?
Clear - opens invertebrate glutamate-chloride channels in post synaptic membrane ➡️ flaccid paralysis
52
What anthelmintics are used for roundworms (nematodes)? (B5)(N4)
``` Benzimidiazoles MLs Imidazothiazoles Aminoacetonitrle Derivitives Spiroindoles Desipeptides Salicylonilides Piperazines Phenylisothiocythates ```
53
What anthelmintics would be used on Tapeworms (Cestodes)? (B2)(N2)
Benzimidazole Tetrahydropyrimidines Isoquinolines Phenylisothiocythates
54
What anthelmintics is used as a flukiside? (2)
Narrow - salicylonilides and substituted phenols
55
What are the important worms in sheep? (5)
``` Teladorsagia circumcincta Trichostrongylus spp Nematodirus baths Haemochus contortus Cooperia spp ```
56
What is the most important worm in cattle?
Ostertagia ostertagi
57
What is the most important worm in horses?
Strongyles redworm
58
What is the function of the spleen?
Removes old blood cells Holds reservoir of blood in case of haemorrhagic shock Recycles iron Metabolises haemoglobin into amino acids and bilirubin
59
When do you get microcytic RBCs?
When not enough iron and allows one more division to smaller RBC PSS, iron deficiency, hepatic failure Akitas

POS - Clinical Practice (4 decks)

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