Clinical psych

Question 1

What is gate control theory?

Answer 1

Gate control theory suggests that the spinal cord contains a neurological ‘gate’ that either blocks pain signals or allows them to continue on to the brain. This theory is often used to explain both phantom and chronic pain issues.

Question 2

What is the main motivation behind the treatment approach represented in the Unified Protocol?

Answer 2

Core emotional regulation processes appear relevant across different diagnoses -and these can be addressed with a limited set of methods.

Question 3

ACT consists of

Question 4

Which of the following is most desirable in meta-analyses and calculation of summary effect sizes?

Answer 4

Low heterogeneity between studies

aka high homogeneity between studies - the methods should be lika, easier to compare results

Question 5

In relation to changes observed in psychotherapy, which of the following best describes the meaning of the term mechanism?

An intervening variable that statistically accounts for an observed difference in a comparison of two treatments.

The series of step by step changes that forms the basis for an observed effect, or the process of change on which the treatment effect rests.

The event that initiates a process of change.

A characteristic that is correlated with the magnitude or direction of effect observed in a comparison between treatments.

Answer 5

The series of step by step changes that forms the basis for an observed effect, or the process of change on which the treatment effect rests.

Question 6

Which of the following reflects characteristics of clinical psychology?

a) Includes assessment and case formulation
b) Includes treatment delivery and evaluation
c) Is based in psychological or behavioral science
D) All the alternatives

Answer 6

All the alternatives

Question 7

As applied to cognitive behavior therapy what does the word “contextual” mean?

That learning history and situation influences what people experience, how they experience what they do, and what they do with that experience.

That there must be a primary focus on changing thoughts and feelings in the context of therapy.

That therapists should deliver treatment in clients’ home and work situations.

None of the alternatives.

Answer 7

That learning history and situation influences what people experience, how they experience what they do, and what they do with that experience.

Question 8

Which statements below best reflect the meaning of the word ergodic?

Answer 8

The situation where results from group analyses are shown to apply to individual people.

Question 9

Which of the following statements best reflects an issue or issues FALSELY assumed in current conventional approaches to treatment mediation as studied within RCTs?

Answer 9

That change is linear and unidirectional.

Question 10

Which of the options below best describes the summary results from the study by Caneiro et al. on “how does change unfold?” in low back pain, fear and avoidance?

Answer 10

a. It appears that change in potential mediators and change in disability happens at the same time.
b. Different people show different processes of change.
C. Both alternatives A. and B.
d. None of the alternatives.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT one of the categories of types of causes of spurious therapeutic effectiveness (CSTEs).

Answer 11

There is a perception of change in the absence of any change.
There is change but it is due to some events outside of therapy.
THE patient thinks they changed but the therapist does not.
There is change but it is due to nonspecific therapeutic factors.

Question 12

What is a placebo treatment?

Answer 12

An unexpectedly painful treatment.
An inert treatment that produces no effect.
A treatment with no known mechanism of action.
A simulated treatment that provides nonspecific treatment effects. :)

Question 13

Which of the following are arguments for the application of evidence supported therapies?

Answer 13

Which of the following are arguments for the application of evidence supported therapies?
This protects the public.
This protects psychology.
This integrated clinical psychology with the remainder of scientific psychology
ALL the alternatives

Question 14

Which of the following is an accurate description of Process-Based Therapy (PBT)?

Answer 14

There is so far little evidence for PBT (den håller fortf på å utvecklas

It includes careful adherence to a session by session manual.
It requires integration of psychodynamic and existential therapy methods with CBT
It requires that clients or patients receive a careful diagnosis.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes mental health providers self-assessment of their own competency and results?

Answer 15

These providers consistently exaggerate their skills in relation to others in the field and their success rate in the people they treat :)

Most of these providers recognize that they are average.
These providers are overall quite accurate in their self-assessments
They downplay their skills but are more accurate in assessing the number of their cases who get worse

Question 16

Which statement best describes “clinical utility of assessment”?

Answer 16

The degree to which clinical measures are easy to use
None of the alternatives
The degree to which measures show good reliability and validity
The degree to which assessment contributes to improved clinical outcomes. :)

Question 17

Which of the following statements is true relative to the history of clinical psychology?

Answer 17

The field has struggled to keep its base in science
Key theories and concepts have evolved over time
There has been persistent competition between therapy types
All alternatives :)

Question 18

There are many trials of psychological treatment to help people with Type 2 diabetes to keep better control of their blood glucose levels – which term best reflects the level of benefits demonstrated?

Answer 18

No effect
Small effect :)
Medium effect
Large effect

Question 19

Which of the following statements best summarizes the results of the trial of the ACT, smart phone, app for smoking cessation?

Answer 19

The ACT smoking cessation app produced a 1.49 times higher chance of quitting compared to the normally recommended app.

Question 20

Which of the following would seem to be a weakness of the fear-avoidance model of chronic pain.

Answer 20

It does not suggest any type of treatment approaches
It has no evidence to support it.
It is relatively narrow in that it specifies one path toward recovery and one toward disability. :)
It only includes fear and avoidance and nothing else

Question 21

In comparison to which of the following comparison conditions is CBT most likely to show the largest effect in a two-arm RCT?

Answer 21

An alternative treatment
Pill placebo
Care as usual
A waiting list control :)

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT typically included as a symptom or condition associated with fibromyalgia.

Widespread pain
Fatigue.
Urinary retention
Memory and concentration problems

Answer 22

urinary retention lol

Question 23

Based on systematic review and meta-analyses of CBT, which of the following conditions is associated with the highest rate of dropout from treatment?

Answer 23

PTSD
post traumatic stress disorder

Question 24

Technology-supported versions of ACT have been studied and included in meta-analyses for which of the following conditions?

All the alternatives
Chronic pain
Obesity/overweight.
Tinnitus.

Answer 24

All the alternatives

Question 25

When a comprehensive review of all of the published literature on mediation in psychotherapy was conducted, which type of processes were most often demonstrated as mediators? Distress and mood. Self-efficacy and confidence Psychological flexibility and mindfulness related variables. Hopelessness and control.

Answer 25

Psychological flexibility and mindfulness related variables.

Question 26

Which of the following is NOT a current challenge in psychotherapy? Producing more RCTs to demonstrate the effectiveness of CBT Understanding mechanisms of treatment. Better dissemination of evidence-based psychotherapy. Creating more individualized treatments

Answer 26

Producing more RCTs to demonstrate the effectiveness of CBT

Question 27

Which of the following statements best describes the basis for concluding a treatment effect in N = 1 designs? Agreement between visual analysis and statistical analysis A large effect that appears immediately. There is a clear change in dependent variable and this is replicated. There is a difference demonstrated from baseline compared to the treatment phase and alternative explanations are ruled out or unlikely

Answer 27

There is a difference demonstrated from baseline compared to the treatment phase and alternative explanations are ruled out or unlikely

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT an aspect of data primarily considered in determining an effect through visual inspection of single case data? Change in variability. Change in means Change in trend Change in level.

Answer 28

Change in variability.

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT an important consideration of the assessment method in the context of N = 1 designs? Appropriate for repeated administration over short intervals Internal consistency reliability and factor structure Continuous rather than dichotomous. Potential to reflect change.

Answer 29

Internal consistency reliability and factor structure

Question 30

What is the “unified protocol”? An approach to health improvement that attempts to unite psychological and mental health. A form of CBT that is transdiagnostic, one approach for many different disorders. A way to train clinicians designed so that all are trained the same way. An approach to science that specifies the methods behavioral scientists should use.

Answer 30

A form of CBT that is transdiagnostic, one approach for many different disorders.

Question 31

Based on the 2020 Burden of Disease study, published in Lancet (2020), based on age-standardized Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYS), global health over the past 30 years is … Unclear/not determinable Improving Staying the same Getting worse

Answer 31

Improving

Question 32

Which of the following is a measure used to screen for or determine the severity of depression? The Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ-II) The Pain Catastrophizing Scale A 0 to 10 rating of pain intensity. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)

Answer 32

PHQ9

Question 33

Based on the 2019 Burden of Disease study, Lancet (2020), which of the following represents the primary contribution of Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYS) in adults over 50? Poisoning Suicide Heart disease and stroke Falls

Answer 33

Heart disease and stroke

Question 34

Which of the following is the best argument against “one size fits all” treatments as a way to produce the best results for all people. There is no convincing argument Psychologists are very good at understanding what people in treatment need and should be allowed to decide. Each person is at least somewhat different in their learning history, life circumstances, current skills, what they want, and what they need to make change. It is clearly demonstrated that individual treatment is far superior to standardized protocol-based treatments.

Answer 34

Each person is at least somewhat different in their learning history, life circumstances, current skills, what they want, and what they need to make change.

Question 35

Which of the options below best describes the summary results from the study by Caneiro et al. on “how does change unfold?” in low back pain, fear and avoidance? a. It appears that change in potential mediators and change in disability happens at the same time. b. Different people show different processes of change None of the alternatives. Both a. and b.

Answer 35

Both a. and b.

Question 36

Which of the following does not necessarily represent a good reliable guide to follow for a treatment provider in session? A Fear and other feelings B Science and evidence C Assessment data collected from the person being seen D Both b and c

Answer 36

Fear and other feelings

Question 37

Who was Lightner Witmer? The first psychologist The psychologist given credit for popularizing psychoanalysis in the US The developer of behavior therapy The psychologist given credit for starting the first psychology clinic

Answer 37

The psychologist given credit for starting the first psychology clinic

Question 38

Which of the following is important in the professional practice of clinical psychology? Clinical competency Scientific and ethical attitudes Research competency All of the alternatives

Answer 38

All of the alternatives