CLINICAL PSYCH CHAPTER 1-5 Flashcards
MIDTERMS (96 cards)
1
Q
is a specialized field of psychology dedicated to the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders using psychological methods.
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Clinical Psychology:
2
Q
- It also involves research into the causes of mental disorders and the effects of psychotherapy.
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Clinical Psychology:
3
Q
focuses on understanding, predicting, and alleviating intellectual, emotional, biological, psychological, social, and behavioral maladjustment, disability, and discomfort.
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Clinical Psychology:
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Q
- It integrates science, theory, and practice to promote human adaptation, adjustment, and personal development across the lifespan and in various cultures and socioeconomic levels.
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Clinical Psychology:
5
Q
4 Important Disciplines in Clinical Psychology
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- Abnormal Psychology
- Psychological Assessment
- Psychotherapy
- Research
6
Q
is a medical doctor who specializes in treating psychological disorders.
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- A psychiatrist
7
Q
is the branch of medicine that focuses on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders.
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- Psychiatry
8
Q
- They receive medical training and can recognize medical problems that may contribute to psychological distress.
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A psychiatrist
9
Q
often prescribe medication and may conduct therapy sessions with their patients.
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A psychiatrist
10
Q
are mental health practitioners who specialize in treating patients with emotional crises, stress, anxiety, and behavioral disorders.
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Counseling Psychologist:
11
Q
- They overlap in activities with clinical psychologists and traditionally work with normal or moderately maladjusted individuals.
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Counseling Psychologist:
12
Q
- Their principal method of assessment is usually the interview, but they also do testing.
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Counseling Psychologist:
13
Q
- They may work in educational settings, hospitals, rehabilitation centers, mental health clinics, and private practice.
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Counseling Psychologist:
14
Q
assist individuals, groups, or communities to restore or enhance their capacity for social functioning while creating societal conditions favorable to their goals.
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Social Workers
15
Q
- They focus on the familial and social determinants of psychopathology.
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Social Workers
16
Q
often conduct psychotherapy, contribute to the diagnostic process, and have intense involvement with the everyday lives and stresses of their patients.
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Social Workers
17
Q
- They are employed by public agencies, hospitals, social service agencies, mental health clinics, and may also have private practices.
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Social Workers
18
Q
work with students, parents, and school administrators to promote the intellectual and emotional growth of school-age children and adolescents.
* They conduct psychological and educational assessments, develop learning programs, and consult with teachers and school officials.
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School Psychologist:
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Q
- This might begin with an evaluation of the children in question, followed by recommendations concerning special programs, treatment, or placement if necessary.
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School Psychologist:
20
Q
might then consult with teachers and school officials on the implementation of the program as well as issues of school policy or classroom management
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School Psychologist:
21
Q
primarily work in schools but may also work in nurseries, day-care centers, hospitals, clinics, and penal institutions.
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School Psychologist:
22
Q
are those who, through their research or practice, contribute to the promotion and maintenance of good health. They are also involved in the prevention and treatment of illness
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- Health psychologists
23
Q
- They may design, execute, and study programs to help people stop smoking, manage stress, lose weight, or stay fit.
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- Health psychologists
24
Q
focus on people who are physically or cognitively disabled (either result from a birth defect or later illness or injury)
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- Rehabilitation psychologists
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* They advocate for the improvement of life conditions for those with disabilities and help develop and promote legislation to promote this cause.
Rehabilitation psychologists
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* They help individuals adjust to their disabilities and the physical, psychological, social, and environmental barriers that often accompany them.
Rehabilitation psychologists
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* They are specially trained nurses who care for the psychological and physical well-being of people with mental health conditions or behavioral problems.
Psychiatric Nurse
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Working in close collaboration with the psychiatrist or the clinical psychologist, they (along with those they supervise---attendants, nurse’s aides, volunteers, etc.) implement therapeutic recommendations.
Psychiatric Nurse
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* Including occupational therapists, recreational therapists, art therapists, and so on.
Therapeutic Personnel:
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* With their training and experience, they can play a vital adjunctive role in enhancing the adjustment patterns of patients. They can teach skills that will help patients in a variety of non-hospital settings.
Therapeutic Personnel:
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* People who are trained to assist professional mental health worker.
Paraprofessionals
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Activities of Clinical Psychologists
therapy/intervention
diagnosis/ assessment
teaching
clinical supervision
research
consultation
administration
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Activities of Clinical Psychologists:
Providing psychological therapy and interventions to individuals or groups.
therapy/intervention
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Activities of Clinical Psychologists:
Conducting assessments to diagnose mental disorders and evaluate psychological functioning.
diagnosis/ assessment
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Activities of Clinical Psychologists:
Educating and training students, professionals, or the community about psychology and mental health.
teaching
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Activities of Clinical Psychologists:
Providing supervision and guidance to trainees and professionals in the field.
Clinical supervision
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Activities of Clinical Psychologists:
Conducting scientific research to contribute to the understanding of mental disorders and treatment approaches.
Research
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Activities of Clinical Psychologists:
Collaborating with other professionals or organizations to provide expert advice or guidance.
Consultation
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Activities of Clinical Psychologists:
Engaging in administrative tasks related to managing mental health services or organizations.
Administration
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He devoted a great deal of effort to the application of quantitative methods to understanding differences among people. He established an anthropometric laboratory and was interested in sensory acuity, motor skills, and reaction time.
Francis Galton
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He furthered the tradition of studying individual differences and reaction time differences among people. He coined the term "mental tests" to describe his measures and believed that studying reaction time differences was a way to approach the study of intelligence.
James McKeen Cattell
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He began the current model of treatment in clinical psychology by opening the first psychological clinic in 1896. He focused on identifying and treating children who experienced educational difficulties, contributing to the development of clinical psychology as a profession.
Lightner Witmer
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In 1913, he divided mental illness into different types determined by exogenous (curable) and endogenous (incurable) factors. His descriptions and classifications of patients stimulated discussion and research in psychopathology.
Emil Kraeplin
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He was convinced that the key to the study of individual differences was the notion of norms and deviations from those norms
Alfred Binet
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They developed the Binet-Simon Scale in 1908, which had a profound influence on the measurement of intelligence. This scale aimed to identify cognitive limitations in children and ensure proper education for them.
Theodore Simon
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He played a significant role during World War I, leading a committee appointed by the Medical Department of the Army. The committee was responsible for creating a system to classify men according to their ability levels.
Robert Yerkes
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developed the Army Alpha Test (a verbal test measuring such skills as ability to follow instructions) and Army Beta Test (nonverbal problems to illiterate subjects and recent immigrants) as part of this effort.
Robert Yerkes
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He developed the first Psychoneurotic Inventory in 1917, a questionnaire designed to assess abnormal behavior.
Robert Woodworth
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They developed the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) in 1935. This projective test required individuals to look at ambiguous pictures and create stories describing the activities, thoughts, and feelings of the people in the pictures.
Christiana Morgan and Henry Murray
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: In 1921, he introduced the Rorschach inkblot test, which became a widely used projective measure of personality. The test involved using inkblots to diagnose psychiatric patients.
Hermann Rorschach
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refers to the use and interpretation of psychological test scores as a basis for diagnostic formulation and treatment planning.
Psychodiagnosis
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He gained a widespread reputation for his investigations of patients with hysteria (patients with physical symptoms). He was known for his work on hypnosis and the study of neurotic patients.
Jean Charcot
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They made significant contributions to the field of psychoanalysis. They developed the concept of psychoanalysis and the use of free association as a therapeutic technique.
Sigmund Freud and Josef Breuer
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was a mental health advocate who wrote a book titled "A Mind That Found Itself" in 1908, where he shared his personal experiences with mental illness and called for reforms in the treatment of psychiatric patients.
Clifford Beers
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was a prominent figure in humanistic psychology. He developed client-centered therapy (alternative to psychoanalytic therapy), emphasizing the importance of empathy, unconditional positive regard, and genuineness in the therapeutic relationship.
Carl Rogers
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he was a behaviorist psychologist known for his work on operant conditioning. He proposed that behavior is influenced by its consequences and developed the concept of reinforcement
BF Skinner
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was a South African psychiatrist known for his work in behavior therapy. He developed systematic desensitization, a technique based on conditioning principles.
Joseph Wolpe
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is known for his development of cognitive therapy, which focuses on identifying and changing negative thought patterns to treat various mental health conditions, particularly depression (initial focus for cognitive therapy).
Aaron Beck
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he was a Russian physiologist known for his experiments on classical conditioning. His research demonstrated how associations between stimuli and responses could be formed through conditioning.
Ivan Pavlov
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he was a pioneering psychologist and the first president of the American Psychological Association (APA). He made significant contributions to the field of developmental psychology and established the first psychological laboratory in the United States.
G. Stanley Hall
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* Also known as the scientist-practitioner model.
* A popular training model for clinical psychologists.
Boulder Model
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* Aims to integrate scientific knowledge and clinical practice.
* help students of clinical psychology “think” like a scientist
Boulder Model
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* As a clinician, they would evaluate their clients’ progress scientifically and select treatments that were based on empirical evidence
Boulder Model
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can only produce solid, meaningful research if they keep their clinical sensitivity and skills honed by continuing to see patients
clinical researchers
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must not forsake their research training and interests, neither must researchers ignore their clinical foundation.
Practicing Clinicians
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prepares student for practicing psychology; programs focus on applying scientific knowledge directly to the practice of psychology
Doctor of Psychology (Psy.D.)
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emphasizes research; programs study the theories behind psychology
Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.)
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is the most basic and pervasive of all research methods.
Observation
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It includes casual observation of behavior, but it does little to establish a strong base of knowledge, it is through such observation that we develop hypotheses that can eventually be tested more systematically.
Unsystematic Observation
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Behavior is observed as it occurs naturally, without interference, carried out in real-life settings, more systematic and rigorous than unsystematic observation.
Naturalistic Observation
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It is likely to be carried out in a psychology laboratory, where the investigator exerts some degree of control over the events.
Controlled Observations
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involves the intensive study of a client or patient in treatment, using various sources of information such as interviews, test responses, and treatment accounts.
Case Study
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The study of the incidence, prevalence, and distribution of illness or disease in a given population.
Epidemiology
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Refers to the rate of new cases of an illness that develop within a given period of time.
Incidence
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Refers to the overall rate of cases (old or new) within a given period
Prevalence
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as it assesses the correlation (risk factors) of an illness or disorder. These techniques enable us to determine whether variable X is related to variable Y.
Correlational Method
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evaluates or compares individuals, possibly from different age groups, at the same point in time. It is correlational in nature as age cannot be manipulated or participants assigned to different age groups.
Cross- Sectional Design
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A longitudinal design follows the same subjects (same people) over time, allowing researchers to gain insight into how behavior or mental processes change with age.
Longitudinal Design
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used to determine cause-effect relationships among events.
Experimental Methods
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Consists of participants who are exposed to a particular manipulation of the independent variable.
Experimental Group
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Consists of participants who do not receive any experimental manipulation
Control Group
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The variable that is supposed to be under the control of the investigator.
Independent Variable
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two separate sets of participants, each of which receives a different kind of treatment or intervention
Between Group Design
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The variable that changes as a result of the manipulation of the independent variable.
Dependent Variable
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comparison might be made on the same patient at different points in time.
Within Group Design
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Refers to the degree of confidence that the observed relationship is trustworthy and not influenced by other factors or variables.
Internal Validity
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Refers to the extent to which results from a study can be applied or generalized to other situations, groups, or events.
External Validity
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also known as single-subject design, is used to rigorously test the success of an intervention or treatment on a particular case. (i.e., person, school, community). It allows the experimenter to establish cause-effect relationships.
Single Case Design
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two or more behaviors are assessed to determine their initial stable expression, and then an intervention or manipulation is applied to one behavior while the others are unaffected. This design is used when a reversal period is not possible or ethical constraints exist.
Multiple Base Design
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permits measurement of a treatment’s effectiveness by systematic observation of changes in the participant’s behavior as treatment and no-treatment conditions alternate. It involves initial period (A), treatment period (B), a return to baseline (A), and a second treatment period (B).
ABAB Design
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Research and Ethics:
Informed Consent
Confidentiality
Deception
Debriefing
Fraudulent Data
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Research and Ethics:
Participants must give their formal informed consent, usually in writing, before participating in research. They should be informed of any risks, discomforts, limitations on confidentiality, and compensation for their participation.
Informed Consent
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Research and Ethics:
Participants' individual data and responses should be confidential and protected from public scrutiny. Anonymity is often ensured by using code numbers instead of names.
Confidentiality
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Research and Ethics:
should only be used when necessary and when there are no alternative methods. Participants should not leave the research feeling exploited or disillusioned, and debriefing should be conducted to explain the deception.
Deception
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Research and Ethics:
involves providing participants with information at the close of the research to address any misconceptions that may have arisen and to ensure their well-being.
Debriefing
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Research and Ethics:
Researchers should not fabricate data and should give proper credit to others for their contributions.
Fraudulent Data
