clinical relevance / extra pbl

Question 1

what are the 5 outcomes of thyroid gland ultrasound (U classification) and which warrant further investigations

Answer 1

U1: no abnormal tissue
U2: lump but benign
U3: intermediate lump
U4: suspicious lump
U5: malignant lump
U3 and abover require further investigation (biopsy usually)

Question 2

what might high rT3 levels cause

Answer 2

decrease in TSH as the pit gland an sens rT3 and thinks there is too much T3 (-ve feedback loop)

Question 3

what is sick euthyroid syndrome

Answer 3

serum levels of thyroid hormones are low in patients who have nonthyroidal systemic illness but who are actually euthyroid

Question 4

will an addisonisan pt have tan lines?

Answer 4

no -> melanin is upregulated everywhere, not just on sun exposed areas

Question 5

what can be measured as a surrogate for GH levels

Answer 5

IGF-1

Question 6

PCOS relation to insulin resistance

Answer 6

testosterone produced in response to increased insulin levels (insulin resistance) -> pituitary thinks this is estradiol => releases LH/FSH

Question 7

what is myoxedema coma

Answer 7

serum levels of thyroid hormones are low in patients who have nonthyroidal systemic illness but who are actually euthyroid

Question 8

what is wolfram syndrome

Answer 8

an autosomal-recessive, progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterised by diabetes mellitus and optic atrophy, with varying frequency of central DI and sensorineural deafnes