clinical relevance / extra pbl

Question 1

what type of cells line the sinuses

Answer 1

pseudostratified ciliated columnar cells

Question 2

what common illness is a form of acute rhinosinusitis

Answer 2

the common cold

Question 3

how may weeks must rhinosinusitis last for to be chronic

Answer 3

> 12 weeks

Question 4

classifications of chronic rhinosinusitis (2)

Answer 4

1. chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps
2. chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps

Question 5

what medication is important to check for in pt w epistaxis

Answer 5

antiplatelets/anticoagulants

Question 6

what is the average blood volume in an adult

Answer 6

70ml/kg => 3.5L in a 50kg person, 4.9l in 70kg and 7.0L in 100kg

Question 7

in mgx of epistaxis what should be checked for first

Answer 7

haemodynamic stability

Question 8

where is little’s area located

Answer 8

on the nasal septum just behind the skin lined area where the hairs are

Question 9

what 5 arteries supply little’s area

Answer 9

external carotid artery, which supplies the:
1. sphenopalatine
2. superior labial arteries
3. greater palatine
internal carotid artery which supplies the:
4. anterior ethmoidal artery
5. posterior ethmoidal arteries

Question 10

4 risk factors for epistaxis

Answer 10

1. digital trauma (nose picking)
2. disease affecting nose
3. tumour (rare -> inverted papilloma)
4. cocaine abuse

Question 11

4 types of chronic sinusitis

Answer 11

1. allergic
2. non-allergic
3. infective
4. associated with other conditions

Question 12

what is samters triad

Answer 12

asthma, nasal polyps, and aspirin intolerance

Question 13

epistaxis mgx on presentation to ED

Answer 13

1. ABCDE
2. nasal packing
3. cautery

Question 14

how can nasal polyps be treated

Answer 14

steroids -> nasal spray, drops of systemically

Question 15

common causes of anosmia/hyposmia

Answer 15

1. obstruction
2. head injury (olfactory fibres can be sheered off)
3. viral

Question 16

2 risk factors for laryngeal malignancy

Answer 16

1. smoking
2. aclohol abuse

Question 17

commonest presentation of laryngeal cancer

Answer 17

hoarse voice

Question 18

examples of causes of hoarse voice (8)

Answer 18

1. overuse
2. infection
3. pancoast tumour
4. large goitre
5. trauma
6. surgery
7. myasthenia gravis
8. Reinke’s oedema

Question 19

what might a unilateral vocal chord palsy indicate

Answer 19

CN palsy

Question 20

if there is a lump present between the manbile and masteoid process where might this be arising from

Answer 20

the parotid gland -> most tumours of the parotid gland are in the tail which occurs between the masteoid and mandible