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Sonography Exam Review > Clinical Safety > Flashcards

Clinical Safety Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

Amount of acoustic energy the patient receives

A

acoustic exposure

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2
Q

as low as reasonably achievable; used to reduce biological effects in humans and the fetus

A

ALARA principle

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3
Q

effect of ultrasound waves on living organisms, including their composition, function, growth, origin, development and distribution.

A

biological effect

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4
Q

interaction of the sound wave with microscopic gas bubbles found in tissues

A

cavitation

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5
Q

studies of various factors determining the frequency and distribution of diseases in the human community

A

epidemiology

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6
Q

study of human body at work

A

ergonomic

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7
Q

refers to experimentation done in or on living tissue in an artificial environment outside the organism

A

ex vivo

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8
Q

refers to the technique of performing a given experiment in a test tube or, generally, in a controlled environment outside a living organism

A

in vitro

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9
Q

refers to experimentation done in or on the living tissue of a whole, living organism as opposed to a partial or dead one. Animal testing and clinical trials are forms of this research

A

in vivo

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10
Q

describes the likelihood of cavitation occurring

A

mechanical index (MI)

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11
Q

an act passed by congress to assure safe and healthful working conditions

A

Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)

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12
Q

average intensity throughout the pulse duration

A

pulse average (PA)

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13
Q

force exerted by the sound beam on an absorber or reflector

A

radiation force

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14
Q

average intensity across the entire sound beam

A

spatial average (SA)

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15
Q

peak intensity found across the sound beam

A

spatial peak (SP)

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16
Q

average intensity during the pulse repetition period

A

temporal average (TA)

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17
Q

greatest intensity during the pulse

A

temporal peak (TP)

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18
Q

relates to the heating of tissue

A

thermal index (TI)

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19
Q

relates to heating of bone

A

thermal index for bone (TIB)

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20
Q

relates to heating of cranium

A

thermal index for cranium (TIC)

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21
Q

relates to heating of soft tissue

A

thermal index for soft tissue (TIS)

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22
Q

injuries that are caused or aggravated by workplace activities including injuries of the muscles, tendons and joints

A

Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WRMSD)

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23
Q

Act passed by congress in 1970 to assure safe and healthful working conditions

A

OSHA

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24
Q

WRMSD involve musculoskeletal disorder symptoms that remain for ___ days or more.

A

7

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25
Greater than 80% of monographers have some form of WRMSD, most common is?
Shoulder pain
26
What are some causes of WRMSD in sonography?
- static work posture - awkward scanning posture - forceful and repetitive movements - prolonged abduction of upper extremity - inappropriate monitor height - incorrect or continual grip of the transducer
27
Inflammation of a joint bursa, commonly the shoulder
bursitis
28
Causes of bursitis?
- repetitive motion | - repeated are abduction restricts blood flow to the soft tissues
29
Entrapment of the median nerve as it runs through the carpal bones of the wrist.
Carpal tunnel syndrome
30
Causes of carpal tunnel syndrome
- repeated flexion and extension of the wrist | - mechanical pressure against the wrist
31
Entrapment of the ulnar nerve as it runs throughout the elbow
Cubital tunnel syndrome
32
Causes of cubital tunnel syndrome
- repeated twisting of the forearm | - mechanical pressure against the elbow as it rests on the exam table
33
Specific type of tendonitis of the thumb
de Quervain's disease
34
Causes of de Quervains disease
repeated gripping of the transducer
35
Inflammation of the periosteum area of the insertion of the biceps tendon into distal humerus.
Epicondylitis
36
Causes of Epicondylitis
repeated twisting of the forearm
37
Fraying or tearing of the rotator cuff of the shoulder
Rotator cuff injury
38
Causes of rotator cuff injury
- repeated arm abduction | - repetitive motion
39
Intervertebral disk degeneration
Spinal degeneration
40
Causes of spinal degeneration
- awkward posture | - static postures
41
Inflammation of the tendon and sheath around the tendon
tendonitis
42
causes of tendonitis
- repetitive motion | - repeated arm abduction
43
Nerve entrapment that can occur at different levels
Thoracic outlet syndrome
44
Causes of thoracic outlet syndrome
- repetitive motion | - awkward postures
45
Inflammation and swelling of the tendon sheath in a finger entraps the tendon and restricts the motion of the finger
Trigger finger
46
causes of trigger finger
repeated gripping of the transducer
47
causes of trigger finger
repeated gripping of the transducer
48
Prevention of injury includes:
position table at proper height eyes even with top of monitor elbow close to body etc
49
Who regulates ultrasound instruments according to application, output intensities, and thermal and mechanical indexes?
FDA (food and drug administration)
50
Who recommends prudent use of ultrasound in the clinical environment by minimizing exposure time and output power?
AIUM (american instate of ultrasound medicine)
51
With ALARA principle the ____ must outweigh the risks?
benefit
52
Amount of acoustic energy the patient receives in units of s.
acoustic exposure
53
power divided by area | units of W/cm^2 or mW/cm^2
intensity
54
rate at which work is performed | units of mW
Power
55
Force divided by area | units of Pa, MPa, or mm Hg
Pressure
56
Spatial Peak (SP)
- greatest intensity across sound beam | - usually located at center of the sound beam
57
Spatial Average (SA)
- average intensity across entire sound beam | - equal to total power across beam divided by beam area
58
Temporal Peak (TP)
greatest intensity during pulse
59
Temporal Average (TA)
- average intensity during transmitting and receiving times (Pulse repetition period) - equal to the PA intensity X duty factor (DF)
60
Pulse Average (PA)
- average intensity over entire duration of the pulse | - For continuous wave, the pulse average is = to temporal average
61
Spatial Average-Temporal Average (SATA)
- averages spatial and temporal intensities of beam - lowest intensity value given for a sound beam - intensity measured during both pulse and receiving time - heat is the most dependent on SATA intensity
62
Spatial Peak-Temporal Average (SPTA)
- average intensity at center of sound beam - used to describe pulse ultrasound intensities and determine biological effects - measured during PRP - typically higher that SATS values by a factor of 2-3 for unfocused and 5-200 for focused transducers
63
Spatial Average-Pulse Average (SAPA)
- average intensity within beam throughout the duration of pulse - measured during pulse duration
64
Spatial Peak-Pulse Average (SPPA)
- Average intensity that occurs during the pulse | - measured during pulse duration
65
Spatial Average-Temporal Peak (SATP)
-average intensity within the beam at the highest intensity time
66
Spatial Peak-Temporal Peak (SPTP)
- peak intensity of sound beam in both space and time | - highest intensity value for a given sound beam
67
What has lowest output intensity?
imaging instruments
68
What has highest output intensity?
Pulsed-wave doppler
69
What has highest output intensity?
Pulsed-wave doppler
70
No confirmed significant biological effects in mammalian tissue for exposures below _______ with unfocused transducer and _____ with focused transducer.
100mW/cm^2 | 1 W/cm^2
71
What can increase the risk of cavitation?
introduction of bubbles into tissues and circulation from contrast agents
72
Sable Cavitation
- involves micro bubble already present in tissues - when presure is applied, micro bubbles will expand and collapse - bubbles can intercept and absorb large amount of acoustic energy
73
Transient Cavitation
- dependent on pressure of ultrasound pulse - may occur with short pulses - bubbles expand and collapse violently - pulses with peak intensity greater than 3300 W/cm^2 (10 MPa) can induce cavitation in mammals

Sonography Exam Review (6 decks)

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