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Clinical Sciences Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

What is the standard error?

A

SE = SD/square root of the number of samples

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2
Q

What is the relative risk?

A

EER/CER

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3
Q

What is the relative risk reduction?

A

(EER-CER)/CER

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4
Q

What is a type 1 error?

A

Rejecting H0 when null hypothesis is true (false positive)

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5
Q

What is a type 2 error?

A

Accepting H0 when null hypothesis is false (false negative)

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6
Q

What chromosome is DiGeorge syndrome associated with

A

22q

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7
Q

What are the symptoms/signs of DiGeorge syndrome

A

CATCH 22 - cardiac defects, abnormal facies, thymic aplasia, cleft palate, hypocalcaemia

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8
Q

What is the main constituent of pulmonary surfactant and which cells secrete this?

A

Dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine - type 2 pneumocytes

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9
Q

What is the treatment of homocystinuria

A

Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)

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10
Q

What is the most common renal abnormality in Turners syndrome

A

Horseshoe kidney

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11
Q

What inherited syndrome is associated with early onset breast cancer, sarcoma and leukaemia

A

Li-Fraumeni syndrome (p53)

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12
Q

Which condition is associated with short stature and primary amenorrhoea

A

Turners syndrome

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13
Q

What does ELISA testing detect

A

various peptides, proteins, antibodies and antigens (immunological testing)

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14
Q

What do Th1 cells secrete

A

IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-3

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15
Q

What do Th2 cells secrete

A

IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13

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16
Q

What are Th1 cells involved in

A

cell-mediated response and delayed (type IV) hypersensitivity

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17
Q

What are Th2 cells involved in

A

mediating humoral (antibody) immunity

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18
Q

What pattern of inheritance is colour blindness

A

X-linked recessive

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19
Q

What is the function of leukotrienes

A

bronchoconstriction, mucous production, increase vascular permeability, attract leukocytes

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20
Q

What is in direct contact with the right kidney

A

Right suprarenal gland, Duodenum, Colon

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21
Q

What is in direct contact with the left kidney

A

Left suprarenal gland, Pancreas, Colon

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22
Q

what mode of inheritance is albinism

A

autosomal recessive

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23
Q

What level of evidence is a meta analysis of RCTs

A

Ia

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24
Q

What level of evidence is at least 1 RCT

A

Ib

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25
What mode of inheritance is congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Autosomal recessive
26
What deficiency causes Fabry's disease
Alpha-galactosidase-A
27
What deficiency causes Tay-Sachs disease
Hexosaminidase A
28
Which nerve root relates to sensation in middle finger and palm of hand
C7
29
Which nerve root relates to sensation in thumb and index finger
C6
30
Which nerve root carries sensation from umbilicus
T10 (Belly-butTEN)
31
Which autosomal dominant condition causes webbed neck, short stature, triangular shaped face and pulmonary valve stenosis but with a normal karyotype?
Noonan's syndrome
32
Which non-parametric test compares paired data 'before' and 'after'
Wilcoxon signed-rank test
33
Which non-parametric test compares proportions and percentages
Chi-squared test
34
Which non-parametric test is used to compare ordinal, interval, or ratio scales of unpaired data
Mann-Whitney U test (U for Unpaired)
35
What is used to prevent acute mountain sickness
Acetazolomide
36
What is the management of high altitude pulmonary oedema
Descent, oxygen, nifedipine/dexamethasone/acetazolomide/phosphodiesterase V inhibitors
37
What is the management of high altitude cerebral oedema
Descent, dexamethasone
38
What kind of primary immunodeficiency is DiGeorge Syndrome
T-cell disorder
39
Which primary immunodeficiencies are combined B and T cell disorders
SCID, ataxia telangiectasia, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
40
What causes learning difficulties, large low set ears, large testicles and hypotonia in men
Fragile X syndrome
41
Which receptors do INF-alpha and INF-beta bind to
Type 1 receptors
42
Which gene is fibrillin-1 located on
Chr 15
43
Which trisomy causes Patau syndrome
Trisomy 13
44
Which trisomy causes Edwards syndrome
Chr 18
45
What is the most common lipid storage disorder
Gaucher’s disease
46
Which lysosomal storage disorder causes cherry red spots on the macula without hepatospenomegaly
Tay-Sach’s disease
47
What is the genetic change that occurs in Prader-Willi syndrome
Paternal microdeletion of 15q
48
Which X-linked recessive condition causes aggressive behaviour and hyperuricaemia
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
49
Which chromosome is affected in William’s syndrome
Chr 7 microdeletion
50
What are the inherited mitochondrial diseases
Leber’s optic atrophy, MELAS syndrome, MERRF syndrome, Kearns-Sayre syndrome, sensorineural hearing loss
51
What is the standard deviation
SD = square root (variance)
52
What are the common causes of endothelial damage in atherosclerosis formation
Hypertension, smoking, hyperglycaemia, hypercholesterolaemia
53
What is the negative likelihood ratio
Negative = (1 - seNsitivity)/specificity
54
What is the positive likelihood ratio
Positive = sensitivity / (1-sPecificity)
55
Which cancers most commonly spread to the brain
Lung, breast, bowel, melanoma, kidney
56
Which brain tumour has central necrosis and a rim that enhances with contrast
Glioblastoma multiforme
57
Which brain tumour is located at the falx cerebri/superior sagittal sinus and cause compression of the brain parenchyma
Meningioma
58
What are renal stones most commonly composed of
Calcium oxalate
59
What GA can pregnant ladies fly until
36 weeks for single, 32 weeks for multiple pregnancy
60
What pulse pressure is seen in raised ICP along with bradycardia and irregular breathing
Widened pulse pressure
61
Which CD proteins are found on the surface of haematopoietic stem cells
CD34
62
Which CD proteins are found on the surface of macrophages
CD14, CD40, MHC II, B7
63
Which receptors are nicotinic Ach receptors
Ligand-gated ion channel receptors
64
Which receptors are muscarinic Ach receptors
G-protein coupled receptors
65
Which receptor type is GABA and Glutamate
Ligand-gated ion channels
66
Which receptor type is insulin, IGF and EGFR
Tyrosine kinase receptors
67
Which receptor type is ANP, BNP and NO
Guanylate cyclase receptors
68
Which type of receptor are adenosine, adrenergic receptors, GH and GABA-B
G protein-coupled receptors
69
Which stage of the cell cycle determines cell cycle length
G1 phase
70
What is added to proteins by the golgi apparatus to designate their transport to lysosomes
Mannose-6-phosphate
71
Where are ribosomes produced
Nucleolus
72
What is the function of peroxisomes
Catabolism of very long chain fatty acids
73
Where are protein molecules destined for that have been tagged with ubiquitin
Proteasomes
74
What is the power of a study
The probability of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false (1 - probability of a type II error)
75
Where does RNA splicing take place
The nucleus

MRCP (16 decks)

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