CLINICAL SKILLS - Urinary System Clinical Terminology

Question 1

What is azotaemia?

Answer 1

Azotaemia is an increase in non-protein nitrogenous waste (urea and creatinine) in the urine

Question 2

What is uraemia?

Answer 2

Uraemia is a clinical syndrome resulting from severe loss of kidney function

Question 3

What is anuria?

Answer 3

Anuria is the complete lack of urine production

Question 4

What is polyuria?

Answer 4

Polyuria is the abnormally large volume of urine production

Question 5

What is haematuria?

Answer 5

Haematuria is the presence of blood in the urine

Question 6

What is pyuria?

Answer 6

Pyuria is the presence of pus in the urine

Question 7

What is pigmenruria?

Answer 7

Pigementuria is the presence of pigment in the urine

Question 8

What is proteinuria?

Answer 8

Proteinuria is the presence of abnormal amounts of protein in the urine

Question 9

What is pollakuria?

Answer 9

Pollakuria is the abnormally frequent passage of small volumes of urine

Question 10

What is dysuria?

Answer 10

Dysuria is the difficult and/or painful passage of urine

Question 11

What is stranguria?

Answer 11

Stranguria is the slow and painful passage of urine

Question 12

What is urinary incontinence?

Answer 12

Urinary incontinence is uncontrolled urination

Question 13

What is inappropriate urination?

Answer 13

Urination in abnormal locations

Question 14

Which three clinical signs of renal malfunction are usually present together?

Answer 14

Pollakuria, dysuria and stranguria

Question 15

What are the common clinical signs of uraemia?

Answer 15

Gastritis
Stomatitis
Pneumonopathy

Question 16

What are some of the common clinical signs of renal disease?

Answer 16

Polyuria
Polydipsia
Weight loss
Inappetence
Vomiting/nausea/diarrhoea

Question 17

What are some of the less common clinical signs of renal disease?

Answer 17

Ascites/subcutaneous oedema
Haematuria
Pain
Abdominal mass

Question 18

What are some of the clinical signs of lower urinary tract disease?

Answer 18

Dysuria/stranguria/pollakuria
Haematuria
Urinary retention
Urinary incontinence

Question 19

What are six common blood tests that are run to investigate urinary disease?

Answer 19

Urea
Creatinine
PCV
Albumin
Electrolytes
Cholesterol

Question 20

What are some of the urinary tests that are done to investigate urinary disease?

Answer 20

Urine dipstick
Urine specific gravity (USG)
Urine sediment analysis
Culture

Question 21

Which of the urine dipstick test pads are not relevant to veterinary medicine?

Answer 21

Nitrates
Urobilinogen
Specific gravity
Leukocytes

Question 22

What diagnostic imaging can be done when investigating urinary disease?

Answer 22

Radiography (with or without contrast)
Ultrasound
Cystoscopy

Question 23

What are the main methods for collecting a urine sample?

Answer 23

Free flow sample
Urethral catheterisation
Cystocentesis

Question 24

What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of collecting urine via free flow sampling?

Answer 24

Advantages: non-invasive
Disadvantages: time-consuming, sample contamination

Question 25

What are some of the disadvantages of collecting urine via urethral catheterisation?

Answer 25

May require sedation, adequate restraint required, challenging in females, could introduce infection, sample contamination

Question 26

What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of collecting urine via cystocentesis?

Answer 26

Advantages: less likely to have sample contamination Disadvantages: invasive

Question 27

Which urinary test measures urine concentration relative to plasma concentration?

Answer 27

Urine specific gravity (USG) measures urine concentration relative to plasma concentration

Question 28

Which instrument is used to measure urine specific gravity?

Answer 28

Refractometer

Question 29

What is the normal specific gravity of plasma?

Answer 29

1.008 - 1.012

Question 30

What is hyposthennuria?

Answer 30

A low urine specific gravity

Question 31

What is the value range for hyposthennuria?

Answer 31

Hyposthenuria: 1.000 - 1.007

Question 32

What is isosthenuria?

Answer 32

A normal urine specific gravity

Question 33

What is the value range for isosthenuria?

Answer 33

Isosthenuria: 1.008 - 1.012

Question 34

What is hypersthenuria?

Answer 34

A high urine specific gravity

Question 35

What is the value range for hypersthenuria?

Answer 35

Hypersthenuria: 1.013 - 1.050

Question 36

What are the value ranges for minimally concentrated urine and well concentrated urine?

Answer 36

Minimally concentrated urine: 1.013 - 1.030 Well concentrated urine: 1.030 - 1.050