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Pathology Ugs > Clinical syndromes (manifestations) of renal diseases > Flashcards

Clinical syndromes (manifestations) of renal diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What is nephrotic syndrome?

A

Nephrotic syndrome is a clinical syndrome that results from glomerular injury and is characterized by heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, severe edema, hyperlipidemia, and lipiduria.

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2
Q

What are the manifestations of acute nephritic syndrome?

A

Acute nephritic syndrome is characterized by acute onset of grossly visible hematuria, mild to moderate proteinuria, azotemia, edema, and hypertension. It is associated with glomerular injury

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3
Q

What is the classic presentation of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis?

A

The classic presentation of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis is acute nephritic syndrome, which includes grossly visible hematuria, mild to moderate proteinuria, azotemia, edema, and hypertension

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4
Q

What results from mild glomerular injury and may present as asymptomatic hematuria and/or non-nephrotic proteinuria?

A

Asymptomatic hematuria and/or non-nephrotic proteinuria result from mild glomerular injury.

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5
Q

What is rapidly progressive GN?

A

Rapidly progressive GN results from severe glomerular injury, leading to the loss of renal function in a few days or weeks. It is characterized by microscopic hematuria, dysmorphic red blood cells and red blood cell casts in the urine sediment, and mild-to-moderate proteinuria.

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6
Q

What are the forms of acute renal failure based on the cause?

A

Acute renal failure can have pre-renal causes (due to decreased renal blood flow), renal causes (due to glomerular, tubular, interstitial, or vascular injury), or post-renal causes (due to obstruction).

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7
Q

What characterizes chronic renal failure?

A

Chronic renal failure results from progressive scarring in the kidney from any cause and is characterized by prolonged symptoms and signs of uremia. It may lead to end-stage kidney disease (ESRD).

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8
Q

What are the associated features of urinary tract infection?

A

Urinary tract infection may be symptomatic or asymptomatic and is associated with bacteriuria and pyuria (bacteria and leukocytes in the urine). Examples include pyelonephritis and cystitis.

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9
Q

What are the manifestations of nephrolithiasis?

A

Nephrolithiasis is manifested by renal colic, hematuria (without red cell casts), and recurrent stone formation.

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10
Q

What are some other conditions related to renal diseases?

A

Other conditions related to renal diseases include obstruction and tumors

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11
Q

What is the cause of nephrotic syndrome?

A

Nephrotic syndrome results from glomerular injury

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12
Q

What are the main characteristics of nephrotic syndrome?

A

The main characteristics of nephrotic syndrome include heavy proteinuria (excretion of >3.5 gm of protein/day in adults), hypoalbuminemia, severe edema, hyperlipidemia, and lipiduria (lipid in the urine).

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13
Q

What is the underlying cause of acute nephritic syndrome?

A

Acute nephritic syndrome results from glomerular injury

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14
Q

What are the typical symptoms of acute nephritic syndrome?

A

The typical symptoms of acute nephritic syndrome include acute onset of grossly visible hematuria (red blood cells in urine), mild to moderate proteinuria, azotemia, edema, and hypertension.

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15
Q

Which renal condition is commonly associated with the classic presentation of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis?

A

Acute nephritic syndrome is the classic presentation of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis.

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16
Q

What is the outcome of severe glomerular injury in rapidly progressive GN?

A

Rapidly progressive GN results from severe glomerular injury leading to the loss of renal function in a few days or weeks.

17
Q

What are the manifestations of rapidly progressive GN in the urine sediment?

A

Rapidly progressive GN is manifested by microscopic hematuria, dysmorphic red blood cells, red blood cell casts in the urine sediment, and mild-to-moderate proteinuria.

18
Q

What are the common signs of acute renal failure?

A

Acute renal failure is characterized by oliguria or anuria (no urine flow) and a recent onset of azotemia.

19
Q

What are the three main forms of acute renal failure based on the cause?

A

Acute renal failure has three main forms: pre-renal (due to decreased renal blood flow), renal (due to various types of kidney injury such as glomerular, tubular, interstitial, or vascular injury), and post-renal (due to obstruction).

20
Q

What is pre-renal acute renal failure?

A

Pre-renal acute renal failure occurs due to decreased renal blood flow.

21
Q

What can cause renal acute renal failure?

A

Renal acute renal failure can be caused by various factors, including glomerular conditions like crescentic glomerulonephritis, tubular injury such as acute tubular necrosis (ATN), interstitial injury, and vascular injury like thrombotic microangiopathy

22
Q

What characterizes post-renal acute renal failure?

A

Post-renal acute renal failure is characterized by obstruction in the urinary tract leading to impaired urine flow.

23
Q

What is the underlying cause of chronic renal failure?

A

Chronic renal failure results from progressive scarring in the kidney, regardless of the initial cause.

24
Q

How is chronic renal failure characterized in terms of symptoms?

A

Chronic renal failure is characterized by prolonged symptoms and signs of uremia.

25
Q

What condition might chronic renal failure eventually lead to?

A

Chronic renal failure may lead to end-stage kidney disease (ESRD).

26
Q

How can urinary tract infections (UTIs) manifest in terms of symptoms?

A

Urinary tract infections can be either symptomatic or asymptomatic.

27
Q

What are the typical indicators of a urinary tract infection in a urinalysis?

A

Urinary tract infections are associated with bacteriuria (presence of bacteria in the urine) and pyuria (presence of leukocytes in the urine).

28
Q

Can you provide examples of urinary tract infections?

A

Examples of urinary tract infections include pyelonephritis and cystitis.

29
Q

How does nephrolithiasis typically present in terms of symptoms?

A

Nephrolithiasis is manifested by renal colic, hematuria (presence of blood in urine without red cell casts), and recurrent stone formation.

Pathology Ugs (10 decks)

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