Clinical Virology

Question 1

How does the appearance of a cell change once it is infected by a virus?

Answer 1

It rounds up and can clump

Question 2

Suffix for

1. Families
2. Subfamilies
3. Genera

Answer 2

1. Viridae
2. Virinae
3. Virus

Question 3

Capsomere

Answer 3

Protein subunits of the capsid

Question 4

Capsid

Answer 4

Capsomeres assemble to form viral capsid

Surrounds nuclei acids

Question 5

Nucleocapsid

Answer 5

Capsid + nucleic acids

DNA or RNA

Question 6

Surface projections

Answer 6

Spikes, fibers, knob, or peplomers
Bind host cell receptors
Ex: Adenovirus

Question 7

Difference between how non-enveloped and enveloped viruses get into/out of the cell

Answer 7

Non-enveloped: Bind to receptors on cell membrane, go through endosome to get to cytoplasm. Get out by lysis of host cell
Enveloped: Fuse with membrane to get in. Bud off membrane to get out.

Question 8

Non-enveloped versus enveloped viruses: stability and transmission

Answer 8

N-E: stable in the environment (resist dessication, acids, detergents or heat), transmitted easily via hands and fomites, infect the GI tract
E: Labile in environment (damaged by drying, acid, detergents, or heat), must stay moist (transmitted in droplets, secretions, or body fluids), do not ususally infect the GI tract (usually blood or resp system)

Question 9

Fomites

Answer 9

Objects or materials that are likely to carry infection, such as clothes, utensils, and furniture

Question 10

3 examples of naked icosahedral DNA viruses

Answer 10

Adenovirus
Papillomavirus
Parovirus

Question 11

2 examples of enveloped icosahedral DNA viruses

Answer 11

Hepatitis B

Herpes viruses

Question 12

1 examples of a complex DNA virus

Answer 12

Pox (small)

Question 13

3 examples of naked icosahedral RNA viruses

Answer 13

Enterovirus
Rhinovirus
Hepatitis A

Question 14

2 examples of enveloped icosahedral RNA viruses

Answer 14

Hepatitis C

HIV

Question 15

2 examples of enveloped helical RNA viruses

Answer 15

Influenza

Paramyxoviruses

Question 16

What antibodies appear with:

1. an acute infection
2. a past exposure

Answer 16

1. IgM

2. IgG

Question 17

Latex Agglutination Assay

Answer 17

Rapid, simple, and inexpensive
Antibody or antigen detection
Have antigen coated latex beads, add the patients serum, and positive test results in agglutination
Alternatively the latex particles could be coated with antibody and the presence of antigen would result in agglutination

Question 18

Lateral flow assays

Answer 18

Using capillary flow
Strip has different compounds for detection
Are used, but pretty expensive and not super sensitive

Question 19

EIA (enzyme immunoassays)

Answer 19

Antibody or antigen detection
Qualitative or quantitative
Manual or automated
ELISA is an example

Question 20

3 limitations of serology

Answer 20

1. Cross reactive antibodies (other infections or medical conditions)
2. Competition with other antibodies (like IgG)
3. Interference substances (rheumatoid factor)

Question 21

Rheumatoid factor

Answer 21

Antibody (IgM) reacting with the Fc portion of IgG

Question 22

Seroconversion

Answer 22

Patients infected with HIV will eventually generate antibodies to the virus