Clinically relevant anatomy of the heart

Question 1

Name the structures in the hilum of the lung

Answer 1

Pulmonary artery
Main bronchus
Pulmonary veins
Pulmonary lymphatic vessels and bronchopulmonary lymph nodes
Pulmonary visceral afferents and autonomic motor nerves

Question 2

Which nerves descend across the lateral borders of the pericardium?

Answer 2

The phrenic nerves

Question 3

What is the fibrous pericardium lined by internally?

Answer 3

Parietal serious pericardium

Question 4

What is the outer layer of the heart called?

Answer 4

Epicardium

Question 5

What does the epicardium secrete?

Answer 5

Pericardial fluid lubricant

Question 6

Where is the pericardial cavity?

Answer 6

Between the two layers of serous pericardium

Question 7

What procedure is used to drain fluid out of the pericardial cavity?

Answer 7

Pericardiocentesis
The needle inserted via infrasternal angle and directed
superoposteriorly, aspirating continuously

Question 8

What is the transverse pericardial sinus?

Answer 8

a “space” within the pericardial cavity, posterosuperiorly
lies posterior to the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk
(the most proximal segments of these vessels are enclosed in the pericardium, which blends with their adventitia a little further distally)

Question 9

What are the surfaces of the heart?

Answer 9

The anterior (sternocostal) surface
The base (posterior surface)
The inferior (diaphragmatic) surface

Question 10

What are the borders of the heart?

Answer 10

Right border

Left lateral border

Question 11

Where is the apex beat palpated?

Answer 11

5th intercostal space

Mid-clavicular line

Question 12

Why might the apex beat be shifted to the left?

Answer 12

Cardiomegaly

Question 13

What does the anterior interventricular groove indicate?

Answer 13

The boundary between the two ventricles

Question 14

Where does the right coronary artery lie?

Answer 14

In the coronary groove

Question 15

What does the coronary groove indicate?

Answer 15

The surface marking for the tricuspid valve

The boundary between the right atrium and the right ventricle

Question 16

What is the coronary sinus?

Answer 16

the coronary sinus is a short venous conduit (in the
atrioventricular groove posteriorly) which receives deoxygenated blood from most of the cardiac veins and drains into the right atrium

Question 17

What surface marking on the heart indicates the boundary between the two atria?

Answer 17

The interatrial groove

Question 18

What do the coronary arteries and their branches supply?

Answer 18

The epicardium and myocardium

Question 19

Where do the main coronary arteries arise from?

What are they?

Answer 19

The ascending aorta

They are the right coronary artery and the left main stem coronary artery

Question 20

Name a branch of the right coronary artery that runs on the anterior surface of the heart, just next to the inferior border

Answer 20

The right marginal artery

Question 21

Where does the posterior interventricular artery usually arise from?

Answer 21

The right coronary artery

Question 22

Where is the left main stem coronary artery located?

Answer 22

in left atrioventricular groove between pulmonary trunk & left auricle

Question 23

Which branch of the left main stem coronary artery travels to the posterior surface (base) of the heart?

Answer 23

The circumflex artery

Question 24

What are the two main branches of the left main stem coronary artery called?

Answer 24

The left anterior descending artery (anterior interventricular artery)
The left marginal artery

Question 25

What is a branch of the LAD called?

Answer 25

Lateral branch

Question 26

What divides the heart into a right and a left side?

Answer 26

A septum (interatrial septum and interventricular septum)

Question 27

What is a hole in the interatrial septum called?

Answer 27

An atrial septal defect

Question 28

What is a hole in the interventricular septum called?

Answer 28

A ventricular septal defect

Question 29

What is the name of the indent in the interior wall of the right atrium?

Answer 29

The oval fossa

Question 30

What is the crista terminalis?

Answer 30

The line of union between the right atrium and the right auricle which is present on the interior of the atrium in the form of a vertical crest

Question 31

How many cusps does the pulmonary valve have? | What are they?

Answer 31

3 cusps | Anterior, right and left

Question 32

How many cusps does the aortic valve have? | What are they?

Answer 32

3 | Right left and posterior

Question 33

Where in the aortic valve do the coronary arteries arise from?

Answer 33

The right and left sinuses

Question 34

How many cusps does the tricuspid valve have? | What are they?

Answer 34

3 Anterior Posterior Septal

Question 35

How many cusps does the mitral valve have? | What are they?

Answer 35

2 | Anterior and posterior

Question 36

Which muscles are attached to the chamber walls and are connected to the valves?

Answer 36

Papillary muscles

Question 37

What connects the papillary muscles to the valves?

Answer 37

Tendinous cords

Question 38

What is the moderator band? | What does it do?

Answer 38

Also called the septomarginal trabecula | carries fibres of right bundle branch to the papillary muscle of the anterior cusp

Question 39

Where are the four heart valves auscultated?

Answer 39

Aortic: 2nd right intercostal space, sternal edge Pulmonary: 2nd left intercostal space, sternal edge Tricuspid: 5/6th intercostal space, left sternal edge Mitral: 5th left intercostal space, midclavicular line

Question 40

What are the most common valvular abnormalities encountered clinically?

Answer 40

``` Aortic stenosis Mitral incompetence (regurgitation) ```