Clinicalprevandpublichealth

Question 1

leading causes of death in adults

Answer 1

1. heart disease
2. cancer
3. chronic lower res disease
4. accidents
5. stroke
6. .alzheimer
7. diabetes
8. influenza and pneumonia
9. nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and nephrons is
10. intentional self-harm

Question 2

principles of prevention

Answer 2

1. preventing disease or illness
2. early detection and intervention of diseases in early stages
3. improve QOL and extend healthy life expectancy
4. older patients are never too late for preventative care

Question 3

considerations in practicing preventive care in geriatric population

Answer 3

1. age and life expectancy

2. cost-effectiveness of screening and potential risks of screening

Question 4

acute pain

Answer 4

pain that usually starts suddenly and has a known cause, like an injury or surgery.

Question 5

Benzodiazepines

Answer 5

sedatives often used to treat anxiety, insomnia, and other conditions

Question 6

chronic pain

Answer 6

pain that lasts 3 months or more and can be cuased by a disease or condition, injury, treatment, inflammation, or unknown

Question 7

drug misuse

Answer 7

the use of prescription drugs without a prescription or in a manner other than as directed by a doctor, including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts or longer than told to take a drug or use in any other way not directed by a doctor

Question 8

drug abuse or addiciton

Answer 8

dependence on a legal or illegal drug

Question 9

extended-release or long-acting opiods

Answer 9

slower-acting medication with a longer duration of pain-relieving action

Question 10

heroin

Answer 10

illegal, highly addictive opioid drug processed from morphine

Question 11

illicit drugs

Answer 11

the non medical use of a variety of drugs that are prohibite by law these drugs can include: amphetamine type stimulants, marijuana/cannabis. cocaine, herion and other opioids, synthetic drugs, and MDMA

Question 12

immediate-release opioids

Answer 12

faster-acting medication with a shorter duration of pain-relieving action

Question 13

medication-assisted treatment (MAT)

Answer 13

treatment for opioid use disorder combining the use of medications with counseling and behavioral therapies

Question 14

Morphine milligram equivalents (MME)

Answer 14

the amount of milligrams of morphine an opioid dose is equal to with prescribed. this is how to calculate the total amount of opioids accounting for differences in opioid drug type and strength

Question 15

naloxone (narcan)

Answer 15

a prescription drug that can reverse the effects of opioid overdose and can be life-saving if administered in time

Question 16

tolerance

Answer 16

reduced response to a drug with repeated use

Question 17

prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs)

Answer 17

state-run electronic databases

Question 18

physical dependence

Answer 18

adaptation to a drug that produces symptoms of withdrawal with the drug is stopped

Question 19

overdose

Answer 19

injury to the body (poisoning) that happens when a drug is taken in excessive amounts. fatal or nonfatal

Question 20

opioid use disorder

Answer 20

a problematic pattern of opioid us that causes significant impairment or distress
a diagnosis based on specific criteria such as unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control use, or use resulting in social problems and a failure to fulfill obligations at work, school, or home amoung other criteris. .

Question 21

opioid analgesics

Answer 21

prescriptioin opioids, medications that have been ued to treat moderate to severe pain in some patients

Question 22

natural opioid analgesics

Answer 22

morphine and codeine

Question 23

Semi-synthetic opioid analgesics

Answer 23

drugs such as oxycodone, hyrdocodone, hydromorphone, and oxymorphone

Question 24

methadone

Answer 24

synthetic opioid

Question 25

synthetic opioid analgesics

Answer 25

drugs such as tramadol and fentanyl

Question 26

opioid

Answer 26

natural or synthetic chemicals that interact with opioid receptors on nerve cells in the body and brain, and reduce the intensity of pain signals and feelings of pain. this class of drufs that include the illegal drug heroin, synthetic opioids such as fentanyl and pain medications available legally by prescription, such as oxycodone, hydrocodone, codeine, morphine, and many others.

Question 27

non-pharmacologic therapy

Answer 27

treatments that do not involve medications including physical treatments and behavioral treatments

Question 28

Steps for screening patient for drug use

Answer 28

``` 1. Ask about past year drug use if yes then 2.. 2. Begin the NIDA modified ASSIST 3. determine risk level 4. brief intervention the five As, ask, advise, assess, assist, and arrange ```

Question 29

screening

Answer 29

the presumptive identification of unrecognized disease or defect by the application of tests, exams, or other procedures with can be applied rapidly to sort out apparently well persons who probably have a disease from those who probably do not

Question 30

criteria to justify screening for a disease

Answer 30

1. the disease must have a significant effect on quantity or quality of life 2. frequency of the disease must be sufficient to justify the cost and risk of screening 3. tests must be available at reasonable cost and risk to detect the disease in the asymptomatic phase 4. acceptable methods of treatment must be available 5. the disease must have an asymptomatic phase during which treatment must yeild a result superior to that obtained by delaying treatment until symptoms appear

Question 31

validity

Answer 31

measures what is supposed to measure (related to bias) - agreement between the measured quanitiy and its true value - accuracy is affected by systematic error or bias

Question 32

reliabilty

Answer 32

reproducibility (related to random error) | -agreement between repetitive measurements performed in the same way

Question 33

sensitivity

Answer 33

ability of the test to identify correctly those who have disease TP/TP+FN

Question 34

speficity

Answer 34

the ability of the test to identify correctly those who do not have the disease TN/TN+FP

Question 35

positive predictive value

Answer 35

among those persons who tested positive, what proportion actually have the disease TP/TP+FP

Question 36

negative predictive value

Answer 36

among those persons who tested negative, what proportion actually do not have the disease TN/TN+FN

Question 37

Substance abuse disorder

Answer 37

when the recurrent use of alcohol and/or drugs causes clinically and functionally significant impairment

Question 38

How is abuse disorder diagnosed

Answer 38

``` by DSM-5 on the basis of evidence of: impaired control social impairment risky use pharmacological criteria ```

Question 39

Most common substance use disorders in US

Answer 39

- Alcohol use disorder - Tobaccos use disorder - Cannabis use disorder - stimulant use disorder - hallucinogen use disorder - opioid use disorder

Question 40

Alcohol use disorder facts

Answer 40

cause of 88,000 deaths and more than 52.7% of americans 12 and up report being current drinkers Moderate: 1 drink/day women, 2/day men Binge: 5 or more drinks on same occasion on at least 1 day in last 30 Heavy: drinkning 5 or more drinks on the same occasion in each of the 5 days in the past 30 days Genetics is a risk factor

Question 41

Diagnosis criteria from AUD

Answer 41

- problems controlling intake - development of tolerance - drinking that leads to risky situations - development of withdrawal symtpoms

Question 42

Tobacco use disorder facts

Answer 42

480,00 deaths per year-cig smoking damage to nearly every organ leads to lung cancer, respiratory disorders, heart disease, stroke, etc highest rate of current use is young adults 18-25

Question 43

Cannabis use disorder facts

Answer 43

most used drug after alcohol and tobacco in the past year 4.2 mil might criteria for this disorder immed effects: distorted preception, difficulty with thinking and problem solving, loss of motor coordination Long term use: respiratory infection, impaired memory, and exposure to carcinogens heavy use among youths- increased risk for developing mental illness and poorer cognitive functioning symptoms of use: cravings, tolerance, disruption in functioning due to use symtpoms of withdrawal: inability to sleep, anger, depression, nervousness, restlessness within week of stopping

Question 44

Facts about stimulant use disorder

Answer 44

- used to treat conditions such as obesity, ADHD, and depression - Amphetamines (synthetic), meth, and cocaine (plant) - taken orally, snorted or IV - symptoms of use: cravings, failure to control use when attempted, continued use despite major obligations, use of the larger amts over time, tolerance, spending a lot time obtaining and using - withdrawal: fatigue, vivid and unpleasant dreams, sleep problems, increased appetite, irregular problems controlling movement

Question 45

Hallucinogen use disorder facts

Answer 45

``` chemically synthesized (LSD) or natural (psilocybin mushrooms, peyote) -cause visual & auditory hallucinations, distortions of time and perceptions ``` -symptoms: cravings, failure to control use, (similar to stimulant)

Question 46

Opioid use disorder

Answer 46

- reduce perception of pain but also induce drowsiness, mental confusion, euphoria, nausea, constipation and depress respiration - heroin (illegal), oxycodone and hydrocodone (legal) - over dose deaths inc since 99 by 265% in men and 400% in women - symptoms: strong desire for opioid - withdrawal: negtive mood, nausea, vomiting, muscle aches, diarrhea, fever, and insomnia

Question 47

Recommended limits of alcohol

Answer 47

Men under 65: no more thatn 4/day and no more that 14/week Women under 65: no more than 3/day, and 7/week

Question 48

The strongest health promotion recommendations are from.. and why

Answer 48

randomized controlled trials -reduces bias, inc validity

Question 49

What are the statistics used to characterize the performance of treatment or prevention intervention

Answer 49

- relative risk - relative risk differences - absolute risk differences - numbers needed to treat and numbers needed to harm