Cloning Flashcards
questions based on the note (20 cards)
What is Asexual Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction does not involve Gametes or Fertilisation. The offspring produced are genetically identical to the parent.
Give the whole process of cloning animals
-Diploid nucleus from a body cell is removed
-Remove a nucleus from an egg cell (enucleated egg cell)
-insert the diploid nucleus into enucleated egg cell
-Small jolt of electricity is applied to fuse the nucleus and egg cell together to form a zygote
-The zygote will begin to divide by mitosis
-After several cycles of mitosis an embryo will form which is then placed in the uterus of a surrogate mother
-Continues to grow and divide normally until birth
-New animal will be genetically identical to the animal which donated the nucleus from a body cell
Differences in a “Cloned Animal” and a “Transgenic Animal”
A cloned animal will produce exact copies of the parents genes, while a transgenic animal produces a completely “Unique” set of genes
A cloned animal will only have genes from the same species while a Transgenic Animal has foreign genes from another species
Give examples of selective breeding in plants and in animals
Plants:
-Stem Length ( Easier to harvest )
-Disease resistance
-Yield
-Color
-Nutrition
Animals:
-Meat and milk production/quality
-Egg production/quality
-Fiber production/quality
-Growth rate
Define “Micropropagation”
growing plants from a small piece of plant tissue[explants/clones] to produce an exact copy of the parent plant “in vitro”
Name some methods of asexual reproduction in plants
Micropropagation/Plant tissue culture
runners(e.g. strawberries)
Bulbs/Tubers(e.g. potatoes/onions)
Vegetative propagation(May not be needed)
Uses of transgenic animals
-Animals can produce human proteins which can be used to treat conditions
(e.g. alpha-1-antitypsin can treat cystic fibrosis and emphysema)
-Animals can produce commercial quantities of human antibodies
What are some Disadvantages of Micropropagation
-Sterile laboratory and trained personnel needed
-susceptible to disease and defective traits also passed
-gene pool decreases
-vulnerable to pests
What is a “Transgenic Animal”
An organism that has had foreign DNA from another species which was introduced into its genome
Give all of the steps needed to conduct Micropropagation
1: Take small amounts of parent tissue/cells (these are explants)
2: The plant material is transferred to plates containing sterile nutrient agar jelly
3: Plant growth hormones are added to simulate the cells to divide
4: Cells grow rapidly into small masses of tissue(callus)
5: More growth hormones are added to stimulate the growth of roots and stems
6: The tiny plantlets are transferred into potting trays where they develop in to plants
Disadvantages of cloning animals
-Gene pool decreased
-Animals may die early on(ethical concerns)
-Many ethical concerns as it goes against nature
What is “Artificial Insemination”
It is a method of selective breeding where semen is stored and used to make an animal pregnant without sexual intercourse
Define Selective Breeding/Artificial Selection
organisms with desired characteristics are chosen and mated together. Humans here are acting as the agent of selection
Give the disadvantages of selective breeding
-Less Variation ( gene pool decreases )
-useful genes may not have been passed to offspring
-Diseases may spread rapidly as the gene pool is similar
-frequency of Genetic disorders increases
Give the advantages of selective breeding in crop plants
-Higher yield
-Resistant to certain diseases
-Resistant to certain pests
-Survive in harsher climates
-Productive throughout the year
-Better balance of nutrients
What are some Advantages of Micropropagation
-large number of genetically identical plants produced rapidly
-If a species if difficult to grow from seeds/cuttings can be micropropagated
-Plants can be produced at any time of year
-Large number of these plants can be stored in their early stage
-Genetic modification is easy to conduct to many plants
Define a “Clone”
A Clone is a genetically identical copy of its an organism ( its parent )
Give the process of selective breeding
Organisms with desired characteristics are allowed to mate
Repeated over several generations
Entire population will have desired characteristics
Advantages of cloning animals
-Copies of transgenic animals easily produces
-Animals with desirable features can be duplicated(although time consuming)
Give the advantages of selective breeding in animal farming
-Produce more meat, milk, or eggs
-Better quality meat, milk, or eggs
-Better/more fur
-produce more offspring
-resistance to certain diseases and pests
