Cloning and biotechnology Flashcards

Question

Single cell protein production eg quorn

Answer 1

-use fungus which produces mycoproteins eg quorn

Answer 2

-faster than animal or plant protein production -high protein content in biomass -production altered according to demand -no animal welfare issues

Answer 3

-people may not want to eat fungal protein -protein has to be purified to make sure it’s not contaminated -can have large proportion of nucleic acids that need to be removed

Answer 4

-uses a fermenter which controls conditions for max yield of product -temperature to prevent enzymes denaturing by having a water jacket and temperature probe -nutrients available by having an inlet -oxygen availability for respiration by having an air inlet -pH- prevent enzyme denature and measured using probe -concentration of product

Answer 5

Batch -cells are put under stress by low nutrients or high population density -this produces secondary metabolites from the stationary phase of growth -set up with limited nutrient and allowed to ferment for a certain time before all product is collected Continuous -products synthesised during normal metabolism= primary metabolites -products continuously released from cells and extracted from the fermenting broth -nutrients are then continuously topped up

Answer 6

-secondary metabolite therefore produced by batch culture 1. fermenter run for 6-8 days. Culture filtered to remove cells 2. antibiotic precipitated as crystals by addition of potassium compounds 3. antibiotic mixed with inert substances and prepared for administration

Answer 7

-shows growth of microorganisms in a closed culture= batch Lag phase- slow growth in population as acclimatising to new environment Log phase/exponential- acclimatised and have sufficient nutrients so pop grows rapidly Stationary phase- using up nutrients and build up of waste causing birth rate to equal death rate Death/ decline phase- nutrients run out and the concentration of waste products is high. This kills organisms, causing pop to decrease

Answer 8

-use of microorganisms to clean soil and water on polluted sites -organisms convert toxic pollutants to less harmful substances -bacteria can be used to breakdown crude oil to treat oil spills -involves stimulating the growth of suitable microbes that use contaminants as a source of food

Answer 9

-uses natural systems -less labour and equipment required -treatment in situ -few waste products -less risk of exposure to clean up personnel

Answer 10

-agar jelly -broth contain peptones, yeast extract, salts, water carbon compounds for respiration nitrogen compounds for growth

Answer 11

-wash hands -disinfect working area -bunsen burner to sterilise air nearby -as you open a vessel pass the neck of the bottle through the flame -don’t fully open petri dish lid, just enough to introduce microorganism -metal/ glassware should be flamed

Answer 12

sterilisation inoculation incubation

Answer 13

-heated in autoclave at 121° -this kills any microorganisms that could contaminate

Answer 14

-streaking- wire inoculating loop spread across the agar and the plate rotated -seeding- sterile pipette to drop liquid onto agar -spreading- use a sterile glass spreader to wipe over agar -cotton bud wiped on surface to collect microorganisms then wiped on agar

Answer 15

-tape dish with 2 bits of tape so oxygen can get in -put upside down so condensation doesn’t drop onto jelly to contaminate -place in warm environment

Answer 16

-use a broth to increase the number of microorganisms before transferring to the agar

Answer 17

-to reduce population density making the microorganisms easier to count

Answer 18

-1cm3 of solution diluted with 9cm3 of water. Forms a solution diluted by 1 in 10 = x no. by 10 -then add 1cm3 of that solution to another test tube with 9cm3 of water. Forms a solution diluted by 1 in 100 = x no. by 1000

Answer 19

-CFU- colony forming unit -first divide by the number of cultures counted by the volume used -the times by the amount they’re diluted by eg. 20 colonies in 0.1 diluted by 0.01 20/0.1=200 200x100= 20,000

Answer 20

-when microorganisms are grown on agar plate/ nutrient broth -do this using aseptic techniques

Answer 21

an enzyme that is held in place and not free to diffuse through the solution

Answer 22

-don’t mix with product so extraction costs are less -enzymes easily removed -continuous process easier as no cells requiring nutrients, reproducing and producing waste -enzymes surrounded by immobilising matrix which protects enzymes from extreme conditions which could cause them to denature

Answer 23

Adsorption: -enzymes bound to supporting surface by hydrophobic reactions and ionic links -suitable surfaces= clay, porous carbon, glass beads, resins Covalent bonding -bonding to surface eg clay by covalent bonds. More expensive but less likely to leak into reaction mixture Entrapment -enzyme trapped in matrix eg. alginate beads. The substrate then move past beads Membrane separation -enzymes separated from substrate by membrane -substrate passes through membrane then products leave membrane

Answer 24

Glucose isomerase Penicillin acylase Lactase Aminoacylase Glucoamylase Nitrile hydratase

Answer 25

-convert glucose to fructose -fructose sweeter than glucose so used for diabetics as only need small amount

Answer 26

-forms semi synthetic penicillin -microorganisms aren’t resistant to it

Answer 27

-convert lactose to glucose and galactose -good for people lactose intolerant

Answer 28

-produces pure sample L-amino acids by removing acyl group from N-acyl-amino acid -L amino acids used in synthesis pharmaceutical compounds

Answer 29

-Convert dextrins to glucose -as sometimes in break down of starch dextrins are produced

Answer 30

-covert nitrile to amides -polymerised to form polyacrylamide which is used in water treatment