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Biology OCR A level > cloning and biotechnology > Flashcards

cloning and biotechnology Flashcards

1
Q

what regions of a plant is capable of vegetative reproduction

A

root and shoot tips
auxiliary buds (where leaves and stems meet)
vascular cambium (between xylem and phloem)

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2
Q

outline the steps of taking a cutting

A
  1. using a scalpel, take a cutting of a healthy stem between nodes from parent plant at a slant
  2. remove leaves from lower end of cutting
  3. dip the lower end in rooting powder
  4. place plant in pot containing suitable growth medium
  5. provide cutting with warm and moist environment by covering with a plastic bag
  6. when roots have formed, place in soil.
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3
Q

outline the steps of tissue culture

A
  1. cells from stem and root tip are taken from the original plant
  2. cells are sterilised with dilute bleach to kill any microorganisms.
  3. cells are placed on a culture medium
  4. should be carried out using aseptic conditions
  5. cells are left to divide to produce a mass of undifferentiated cells called a callus
  6. the mass is subdivided to produce many plants quickly, they are left to divide and grow then placed in soil.
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4
Q

what are some advantages of cloning plants

A

can close plants that don’t easily reproduce or are endangered.
can grow plants with desirable characteristics which are always passed on
can grow plants in any season
less space is required compared to conventional growth methods
time efficient

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5
Q

what are some disadvantages of cloning plants

A

no genetic variability so single disease can kill entire crop
contamination by microorganisms can be disastrous and result in complete loss of crop

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6
Q

outline the process of artificial embryo twinning

A
  1. an egg cell is extracted from the animal and fertilised in petri dish
  2. fertilised egg is left to divide forming an embryo in vitro
  3. individual cells from embryo are separated and each is placed into a separate petri dish. an embryo forms in each dish
  4. embryo is then implanted into a surrogate mother where it continues to develop
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7
Q

outline the process of somatic cell nuclear transfer

A
  1. from sheep A a somatic cell is taken and the nucleus is extracted and kept.
  2. an immature egg cell is taken from sheep B and its nucleus is removed to form an enucleated cell
  3. nucleus from sheep A is inserted into the enucleated cell where they fuse together and stimulated to divide eg. by electrofusion
    this produces an embryo
  4. the embryo is implanted into a surrogate mother
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8
Q

what are some advantages of animal cloning

A

can test drugs on cloned animals as they are genetically identical therefore genetic variables are controlled.

can be used to increase the number of animals with desirable characteristics

an animal that has been genetically modified to produce a beneficial substance in it’s milk could be cloned.

clones can be used to save endangered animals from extinction

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9
Q

what are some disadvantages of animal cloning

A

animal cloning has low success rates and is time consuming and expensive

no genetic variability therefore all clones are susceptible to disease

clones may have shorter lifespans and more health problems for example dolly the sheep had to be put down at 6 years due to severe arthritis

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10
Q

what is biotechnology

A

the industrial use of living organisms to produce food, drugs ect.

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11
Q

why are micro-organisms often used in biotechnology

A

their ideal growth conditions can be easily created
short life cycle so grow rapidly under right conditions
can grow on inexpensive materials eg. waste
can be grown any time of the year

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12
Q

what microorganism is used to make beer

A

yeast

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13
Q

what microorgamism is used in cheese making

A

bacteria

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14
Q

what micro-organism is used to make yoghurt

A

bacteria

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15
Q

what is bioremediation

A

process of using living organisms to remove pollutants such as oil and pesticides from contaminated sites

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16
Q

what are primary metabolites

A

metabolites needed for growth of microorganisms during log/lag phase

17
Q

what are secondary metabolites

A

not needed for growth of microbes

18
Q

what is batch fermentation

A

where micro-organisms are grown in individual batches in a fermentation vessel. When one culture ends it is removed, the vessel is resteralised to avoid contamination. A different batch of microorganisms is then grown.

19
Q

what is continous fermentation

A

where micro-organisms are continually grown in a fermentation vessel, without stopping. Nutrients is put in and waste products taken out at a constant rate

20
Q

in pencillin production, which is more likely to be used, batch fermentation or continous

A

batch

21
Q

which type of metabolites are harvested during continous fermentation

A

primary

22
Q

which factors need to be controlled during fermentation

A

pH
temperature
oxygen supply
nutrient concentration
contamination

23
Q

what is downstream processing

A

the purification of the product that has left the fermenter

24
Q

which type of fermentation is there less downstream processing, why is this an advantage

A

continuous

means there is less time spent with the vessel off therefore product therefore more profit.

25
Q

what phase of a standard growth curve, are secondary metabolites produced

A

stationary phase - when there is a limiting factor.

26
Q

outline the lag phase of the standard growth curve

A

population size increases slowly
micro-organisms are adjusting to the environment eg. making enzymes
reproduction rate is low

27
Q

out line the log (exponential) phase of the standard growth curve

A

population size is increasing very quickly.
conditions are at the most favourable for reproduction
number of micro-organisms doubles at regular intervals

28
Q

outline the stationary phase of. the standard growth curve

A

population size stays level, birth rate = death rate.
micro-organisms die as lack of food and waste products build up

29
Q

outline the decline phase of the standard growth curve

A

population size falls as death rate is greater than birth rate

food is very scarce, excess waste products at toxic level.

30
Q

outline how u may set up culturing micro-organisms in a lab

A
  • use a sterile innoculation loop to transfer some of the sample to the plate
  • using a glass spreader, spread the sample gently across the whole surface of the agar.
  • plate is incubated + left to grow
31
Q

outline aseptic technique

A
  • regularly disenfect work spaces
  • work near a bunsen burner- creates an updraft so any micro-organisms in air should be drawn away from the culture
  • steralise instruments before and after by dipping in ethanol and passing through a bunsen burner
  • if using broth, briefly pass neck of broth container through flame after its opened and just before its closed
  • minimise the time the agar plate is open foor, placing lid on as soon as possible
  • steralise glasswear using an autoclave
  • wear lab coat and gloves
32
Q

what is the purpose of aseptic technique

A

used to avoid the contamination of unwanted organisms

33
Q

what is an immobalised enzyme

A

enzyme which is attached/ trapped into an inert matrix/material which prevents them from being mixed with the products

34
Q

what are the 4 main ways enzymes are immobalised

A
  • entrapment - trapped in a silica gel matrix or cellulose fibres or can be trapped in a liquid eg. alginate beads - semi-permeable. (substrates and products must be small)
  • enzymes are covelantly bonded to a surface or other enzymes using a cross linking agent - this forms chains. (more expensive less likely to mix with reaction mixture)
  • adsorbtion - enzyme molecules are bound to a supporting surface by ionic links and hydrophobic interactions (could distort active site)
35
Q

what are the advantages of using immobalised enzymes

A

enzymes can be washed and reused which reduces cost

product isn’t mixed with the enzymes so no money/time spent separating them

immobalised eznymes are more stable so less likely to denature at high temp/pH

36
Q

what are the disadvantages of using immobalised enzymes

A
  • extra equipment needed
  • can be more expensive than isolated free enzymes

immobilisation can sometimes lead to a reduction in enzyme activity as can’t collide and interact with substrate as much

37
Q

what are isolated enzymes

A

enzymes out of the cell either naturally secreted (Extracellular) or artificially extracted

Biology OCR A level (21 decks)

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