Cloning and biotechnology Flashcards
(91 cards)
1
Q
during fermentation why is it important to have a controlled temperature?
what controls it?
A
. promotes optimum conditions for enzyme activity
. controlled and maintained by water jacket
2
Q
why is it important maintain the ph level in fermentation?
what part of the fermenter maintains this?
A
. promotes optimum conditions for enzyme activity
. either acids or alkalis added depending on the ph
. monitored by probes
3
Q
during fermentation why is it important to maintain oxygen availability?
what type of air is pumped into the fermenter?
A
. provides the oxygen needed for respiration
. sterile air is pumped in
4
Q
why is it important to maintain a good nutrient supply in fermentation?
whats the mini process?
A
. needed to promote optimum growth of microorganisms
. nutrients are added then stirred to distribute
5
Q
why is agitation needed to maintain optimum conditions for fermentation?
A
the paddles ensure nutrients, temperature , oven and ph and all evenly distributed
6
Q
how is contamination prevented in fermentation to maintain optimum conditions?
A
steam is cleaned between cultures which prevents competition from resources
7
Q
why is waste needed to be removed in fermentation process?
A
if waste present can negatively affect the growth
so the waste is constantly removed to prevent toxic effect
8
Q
what is a batch fermenter?
A
when microorganisms are grown in batches with a fixed volume of nutrients
9
Q
explain the cycle of a batch fermenter
A
cycle completed -> product removed -> fermenter cleaned -> new batch grown
10
Q
what is a continuous fermenter?
A
when microorganisms are grown continuously and nutrients are added continuously whilst waste products are also removed
11
Q
state two advantages of a batch fermenter?
A
- low risk of contamination because the stream is cleaned between batches
- easy to set up and low in cost to invest
12
Q
state two disadvantages of a batch fermenter?
A
- difficult to maintain optimum conditions
- growth rate low
13
Q
state two advantages of a continuous fermenter?
A
- conditions kept constant
- faster growth rate of microorganisms
14
Q
name 4 conditions which need to be kept constant for optimum conditions for bacteria to grow?
A
- temp
- ph level
- oxygen availability
- supply of nutrients
15
Q
what makes up mycoprotein?
A
filamentous fungus
16
Q
how is mycoprotein grown and what is added for its growth?
A
- growing in fermenters
- glucose added, and oxygen added so aerobic respiration can occur
- maximise yield of hyphae
17
Q
what is hyphae?
role in making the ‘meat’ product?
A
thread like structures that make up mycelium of fungi
these make the meat like structure
18
Q
why might a mycoprotein food subsictute be more favourable to eat?
A
low in fat
high in fibre
19
Q
name 3 ways mycorptoein has benefits to someones health?
A
- high protein content so someone still has the essential amino acids for tissue repair and growth
- high fibre content - support gut
- low in saturated fats - less likely to cause heart disease
20
Q
benefits of mycoprotein on agriculture?
A
- requires less land
- not dependent on seasons and weather conditions
- can be made using feedstock from renewable resources
21
Q
disadvantages of using single cell protein? ie: mycoprotein?
A
- different texture and taste to meat
- supplements for flavour needed
- low in iron
- loss of farming jobs
- consumer resistance
22
Q
what is biotechnology?
A
industrial use of living organisms to produce food, drugs and other products
23
Q
why are microorganisms commonly used in biotechnology?
A
- short life cycle so can rapidly grow
- easy t create ideal growth conditions
- can be grown at any time of year
- economical - grow on inexpensive materials
24
Q
name foods that are produced by microorganisms?
A
cheese , bread, yoghurt, alcohol, sauerkraut
25
how is yeast used to ferment bread when baking bread?
describe the process
1. yeast single cell fungus added to bread
2. enzyme in the yeast hydrolyse (break down) starch from the flour into maltose
3. maltose hydrolysed into monosaccharide glucose
4. yeast can now respire anaerobically - fermentation
5. large amounts of CO2 produced helping the dough to rise
26
how is yeast used to brewing and distilling, explain the process
1. grains (ie: barley) added to yeast
2. yeast uses glucose from the barley to respire anaerobically to fermentate
3. glucose = carbon dioxide + ethanol
27
explain how cheese making using microorganisms and the process
1. rennet used which contains enzyme chymosin
2. chymosin causes the milk to clot
3. a bacteria is used which respires anaerobically
4. lactose converted into milk and lactic acid
5. this makes the cheese sour and helps to solidify it
28
during cheese making what microorganism does blue cheese need adding?
fungi so mould spores form
29
what is rennet in cheese making?
modified yeast cells from calves lining of stomachs
30
describe how microorganisms are used in yoghurt making?
1. lactic acid bacteria added to pasteurised milk
2. bacteria respires anaerobically and converts lactose into lactic acid
3. the acidic conditions denature the proteins in the milk
4. the proteins coagulate (stick together) giving the yoghurt a thick sour taste
31
why does yoghurt have a longer shelf life?
due to lactic acid bacteria , fermenting the lactose into lactic acid lowering the ph of the yoghurt , inhibiting spoilage of pathogens
32
describe the production of peneclillin from fungus
1. fungus produces penecillin when under stress
2. penecillin antibiotic which stops bacteria from growing
3. grown under stress in industrial fermenters
33
how is insulin produced?
from genetically modified bacteria containing human gene of insulin
34
where is the GMO insulin grown?
in industrial fermenters
35
what is bioremediation?
removing pollutants from contaminated sites through the use of microorganisms
36
process of bioremediation?
1. naturally occurring bacteria provided with additional nutrients
2. relies on oxidative digestion of pollutants
3. break down pollutants into less harmful products
37
name the processes in everyday life that require the use of microorganisms
7 ways
1. cheese making
2. yoghurt production
3. brewing and distilling
4. insulin production
5. bioremediation
6. break baking
7. penecillin
38
Give one economic reason why microorganisms are used in biotechnology
They grow on inexpensive substrates like waste materials
39
Name two conditions that must be controlled in a fermenter to grow microorganisms efficiently?
1. PH
2. Temperature
40
state why its important to use aseptic techniques when culturing bacteria?
prevent contamination
prevent growth of unwanted microorganisms
41
list two precautions that should be taken when preparing bacteria culture in order to ensure procedure is aseptic?
1. sterile equipment
2. stopper last
3. disinfect surfaces
4. bunsen flamer to create upward air flow
42
why is a bunsen burner used as an aseptic technique?
to create an upward air flow to minimise risk of contamination from airborne organism
43
why do you not seal the plate during bacterial culture fully?
allow gas exchange and prevent the build up of moisture inside the plate which could lead to condensation and promote unwanted microbial growth
44
name the four stages of the growth curve of a microorganism
1. lag
2. log
3. Stationary
4. death / decline
45
define the lag phase?
microorganisms adjusting to new environment , population size increases slowly
46
define log phase?
good supply of nutrients , population size increases exponentially
47
define the stationary phase?
population reaches maximum size due to limited availability of resources
48
do continuous fermenters exceed the lag phase?
no , always in exponential growth phase
49
what fermenter is used for secondary metabolites?
when are they produced?
batch, produced when stationary phase has stopped
50
whats the equation to calculate population growth?
N = N0 x 2squared
51
why cannot mobilised enzymes be used during biotechnology?
small and difficult to filter out of a mixture and expensive to produce
52
why are immbolaised enzymes used in biotechnology?
fixed to a static surface and attached to an insoluble material
53
name the three methods of immobilised enzymes?
1. entrapment
2. carrier-bound
3. cross linking
54
what is an entrapment for immobilised enzymes?
when immobilised enzymes are enclosed within a capsule / partially permeable membrane
55
why do the immobilised enzymes need to be on a partially permeable membrane?
for substrates to pass through membrane
56
whats a carrier-bound immobilised enzyme immobilisation?
attached by covalent bonding to an inert substance
57
whats an inert substance?
unreactive
58
whats cross-linking of immobilisation?
enzymes are attached to each other by covalent bonding
59
advantages of immobilised enzymes?
1. reused - continuous process
2. cheaper , don't have to replace the enzymes
3. product won't be contaminated by enzymes
4. removal of enzymes not necessary
60
disadvantages to immobilised enzymes?
1. more expensive to set up
2. expensive to buy
3. slower than using mobile enzymes as they cannot mix freely with the substrate
61
what is vegetative propagation known as?
how does it occur?
natural cloning , occurred by mitosis
62
vegetative propagation is an asexual process, will the new planet have the same phenotype and be genetically identical to their parents?
yes will have the same phenotype
will be genetically identical to their parents
63
how are plants from a horizontal stem cloned?
through runners / stolons where the roots from the runners start a new plant
64
what clonal is it called when some plants have horizontal stems underground?
rhizomes
65
is a tuber an example of natural cloning? where are the tubers?
tubers are a clonal , enlarged sections of the plants root
66
what molecule do tubers contain which Is necessary when growing a new plant?
contains large store of starch, provides energy for growth of a new plant
67
what are onions and garlic an example off?
bulbs which develop into a new plant as have shot stems and fleshy leaves
68
whats a sucker?
a shoot that developed on lateral bud
69
whats an offset?
adult plants in miniature forms
form on parent plant and fall to ground where develops into a new plant
69
name the type of tissue which natural clones are produced?
meristem
70
how can taking cuttings develop a clone of a plant?
rooting powders can be used which develops the roots of the new plant
71
advantages of taking cuttings over sexual reproduction like artificial pollination?
faster process
produces genetically identical offspring so desirable traits can be selected
technique can be used in all seasons
71
what is micropropagation?
when small pieces of a plant are used (explants)
72
what is the process of micropropagation?
grown in vitro using sterile agar jelly
callus formed
cells divide by mitosis and differentiate to form specialised organs
become plantlet
73
whats a callus in micropropagation?
mass of unspecialised plant cells
74
advantages of micropropagation over cuttings?
produce large number of offspring per explant
75
disadvantages of micropropagation over taking cuttings?
more expensive equipment required
more skills and technical expertise needed
76
why are dizygotic twins (fraternal twins) not considered genetically identical?
formed from separate eggs
76
whats an example of a natural clone of animals?
monozygotic twins
77
name the three types of artificial cloning in animals?
1. embryo twinning
2. reproductive cloning
3. therapeutic cloning
78
list the steps of embryo twinning?
1. parents with desirable characterises chosen
2. egg and sperm collected and fertilised using IVF
3. embryo formed
4. embryo divided
5. embryos implanted into surrogate
6. surrogate gives birth to identical twins
79
in embryo twinning are the offspring clones of each other?
yes
80
in embryo twinning and the offspring clones of their parents?
no
81
A cattle farmer is considering using embryo twinning. Evaluate the use of embryo twinning for cattle farmers.
ADV:
1. produce more cows with desirable traits
2. can increase profit (higher yield of milk)
DIS:
1. ethical concerns of playing God
2. less genetic variation , cattle more vulnerable to diseases
82
whats another name for reproductive cloning?
somatic cell nuclear transfer
83
what is somatic cell nuclear transfer?
nucleus of normal body cell removed and transplanted into an egg
84
describe the process of reproductive cloning?
1. somatic cell (normal body cell) removed from udder of the sheep to be cloned and frozen
2. egg removed from donor sheep
3. using suction , nucleus removed from donor egg cell (enucleated)
4. somatic cell unfrozen , nucleus removed by suction
5. micropipette and electrofusion are used for somatic cells nucleus is inserted into enucleated egg cell
6. fertilised egg develops into embryo in vitro and embryo implanted in the uterus of surrogate mother
85
what is therapeutic cloning?
when scientists clone embryonic stem cells to become any cell type to replace damaged tissues
86
what type of diseases can be used to be treated through the use of therapeutic cloning?
heart disease
spinal cord injuries
Parkinson's disease
type 1 diabetes
87
advantages of animal cloning?
1. desirable genetic characteristic always passed onto clones
2. don't need to wait until breeding season
3. inc population of endangered species
4. develop treatments for diseases
88
disadvantages of animal cloning?
1. difficult , time consuming and expensive
2. reduced genetic variability
3. may not live as long as natural offspring
4. unethical due to destruction of embryos
