Cloning and biotechnology 6.4 Flashcards
(44 cards)
What are the different types of cloning cell divisions and the organisms that use them?
- Mitosis- animals and plant cells
2.Budding- yeast cells - Binnary fission-Bacterium cells
What is vegetative propagation?
-Vegetative propagation: process of reproduction through vegetative parts of the plants, rather than through specialized reproductive structures
What are runners, rhizomes and suckers?
-Horozontal stems that form roots:
=>Runners: if they grow on the surface of the ground
=>Rhizomes: if they are underground
=>Suckers: stems that grow from the roots of a plant
What are bulbs, corms and tubers?
-Underground storage organs used by plants for survival and reproduction
What are the advantages of Natural Cloning?
-If conditions are good for parents they will also be good for offspring
-Rapid
-Reproduction can be carried out even if there is one parent
What are the disadvantages of natural cloning?
-No genetic diversity
-Offspring may be crowded
-Populations shows little variation so whole population is succeptible to changes in environment
How do you create clones of plants through cuttings?
1.Cut a stem and place in moist soil, new roots will grow from the tissues in the stem
2.Some plants need further treatment like dipping the stem in root hormone
Describe the steps of micropropogation?
- Cut suitable part of plant into small pieces (explants)
2.Sterilise in alcohol or bleach - Place explants into sterile growth medium (contains nutrients like glucose and high concentrations of plant growth substances e.g. auxins)
- Once callus has formed divide into small clumps
- Stimulate the clumps to grow by moving cells to different growth media containing different ratios of auxin and cytokine
- Move plantlets to greenhouse to grow under normal conditions
What are the advantages of artificial cloning?
-Relatively rapid
-Plants that have lost their abillity to reproduce sexually can be reproduced
-Plants will have same desirable traits as parents
What are the disadvantages of artificial cloning?
-Labour intensive
-Expensive
-Can fail due to contamination
-No genetic variation
What are the definitions of embryo twinning, enucleation and SCNT?
-Embryo twinning: splitting an embryo to create two genetically identical embryos
-Enucleation: removal of cell nucleus
-Somatic cell nucleur transfer: a technique that involves transferring the nucleus from a somatic cell to an egg cell
What are the two main techniques to achieve reproductive cloning?
-Embryo twinning
-Somatic cell nuclear transfer
Describe the steps involved in embryo splitting?
1.Zygote is created in vitro fertilisation
2.Zygote is allowed to divide by mitosis to form a small ball
3.The cells are seperated and allowed to continue dividing
4.Each small mass of cells is placed into uterus of a surrogate mother
Describe the steps involved in Somatic cell nuclear transfer(SCNT)?
- An egg cell is obtained and nucleus removed (enucleation)
- A normal body cell is cloned, isolated and nucleus removed
- The complete adult cell or its nucleus is fused with the empty egg cell by applying an electric shock
- Shock also triggers egg cell to develop
- Cell undergoes mitosis to produce a small ball of cells
- Young embryo is placed into the uterus of a surrogate mother
What is non-reproductive cloning?
The production of cloned cells for purposes other than reproduction
What are arguments for and against artifical cloning in animals?
-For: Can test medicinal drugs on cloned cells, endangered species can be cloned to increase numbers and can produce animals with specific characteristics
-Against: ethical issues like quality of life, expensive, does not help increase genetic diversity
What is biotechnology?
-The use of living organisms or parts of living organisms in industrial processes
What are the main ways in which mircoorganisms are used in biotechnology and examples?
-Food: ethanol in beer and wine is made using yeast
-Pharmaceutical drugs: Penicillin is made using a fungus
-Enzymes: proteases in washing powder is made using bacteria
What are the advantages of using microorganisms in biotechnology?
-Relatively cheap and easy to grow
-Usually require lower temperatures than making chemicals by chemical engineering
-Microorganisms have short life cycle and reproduce quickly so large population can grow quickly
What are some examples of using microorganisms in food manufacture?
Yoghurt, cheese, bread, alcohol and single cell protein
What are the disadvantages of using microorganisms in food manufacture?
-Some people may not want to eat fungal protein or food
-Infection: conditions needed for microorganisms to grow are also ideal for pathogenic organisms
-Palatabillity: protein does not have same taste or texture as traditional protein sources
What conditions must be controlled in a fermenter?
-Temperature, nutrients available, oxygen availability, PH and concentration of product
What is continous and batch culture in fermentation?
-Continous culture: primary metabolites which are extracted continously as nutrients are supplied and waste is removed regularly (this is to ensure population doesn’t become too dense and growth remains at the same rate)
-Batch culture: cells are placed under stress e.g high population density for a certain amount of time and produce products called secondary metabolites, the fermentor is then emptied and products are extracted from the culture
What is the importance of asepsis in fermentation?
-Asepsis: ensuring sterile conditions are maintained
-Unwanted microorganisms will:
=>reduce yield
=>compete with cultured microorganism or space and food
=>could produce toxic chemicals
