Clostridium Flashcards
Gram+ Bacteria (108 cards)
1
Q
Causes Tetanus in Horses, ruminants, humans and other animals
A
Clostridium tetani
2
Q
Botulism in many animal species and
humans
A
Clostridium botulinum
(types A to F, H)
3
Q
Botulism in humans
A
Clostridium argentinense
(Clostridium botulinum type G)
4
Q
Neurotoxic clostridia
A
C. tetani, C. botulinum, C. argentinense
5
Q
Blackleg (black quarter)
Cattle, sheep (pigs)
A
Clostridium chauvoei
6
Q
Malignant edema
Cattle, sheep and pigs
A
Clostridium septicum
7
Q
Braxy - Sheep
A
Clostridium septicum
8
Q
Necrotic dermatitis - Chickens
A
Clostridium septicum
9
Q
Sheep - Big head of rams
Cattle and sheep - Gas gangrene
A
Clostridium novyi
Type A
10
Q
Black disease (necrotic hepatitis) - Sheep (cattle)
A
Clostridium novyi
Type B
11
Q
Gas gangrene - Cattle, sheep, horses
A
Paeniclostridium sordellii
12
Q
Histotoxic clostridia
A
C. chauvoei, C. septicum, C. noyvi, Paeniclostridium sordellii
13
Q
Clostridium perfringens Type A in humans
A
Food poisoning, gas
gangrene
14
Q
Clostridium perfringens Type A in Lambs
A
Enterotoxemic jaundice
15
Q
Clostridium perfringens Type A in dogs
A
Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis
16
Q
Clostridium perfringens Type A in pigs
A
Necrotizing enterocolitis
(mild)
17
Q
Clostridium perfringens Type A in chickens
A
Necrotic enteritis (occasional cases)
18
Q
Clostridium perfringens Type B in Lambs (under three weeks old)
A
Lamb dysentery
19
Q
Clostridium perfringens Type B in Neonatal calves and foals
A
Enterotoxemia
20
Q
Clostridium perfringens Type C in Piglets, lambs, calves, foals
A
Hemorrhagic enterotoxemia
21
Q
Clostridium perfringens Type C in Adult sheep
A
Struck
22
Q
Clostridium perfringens Type C in
A
Necrotic enteritis
23
Q
Clostridium perfringens Type D in Sheep (all ages except
neonates) (goats, calves)
A
Pulpy kidney disease
24
Q
Clostridium perfringens Type E in calves
A
Haemorrhagic enteritis
25
Clostridium perfringens Type E in rabbits
Enteritis
26
Spontaneous and antimicrobial-induced diarrhea - Rabbits and guinea pigs
Clostridium spiroforme
27
Clostridium difficile in Foals, pigs, dogs, hamsters, rabbits (calves)
Spontaneous and antimicrobial-induced diarrhea
28
Clostridium difficile in humans
Antimicrobial-induced diarrhea, important nosocomial infection
29
Quail disease (ulcerative
enteritis) in Game birds, young chickens and turkey poults
Clostridium colinum
30
Enterotoxic clostridia
C. perfringens, C. spiroforme, C. difficile, C. colinum
31
Tyzzer’s disease, hepatic
necrosis in Foals, laboratory animals (other wild and domesticated animals)
Clostridium piliforme
Atypical clostridia
32
Cl.botulinum in Ruminants, horses, fowls
Botulism
33
Cl. chauvoei in Cattle and sheep
Blackleg
34
Cl. haemolyticum in Cattle; occasionally in sheep
Bacillary hemoglobinuria
35
Cl. novyi Type A in Domestic animals
Big head in young rams; wound
infections; Gas gangrene
36
Cl. novyi Type B in Sheep, occasionally in cattle
Infectious necrotic hepatitis (black
disease
37
Cl. perfringens Type A in Animals
Gas gangrene
38
Cl. perfringens Type A in humans
Food poisoning
39
Cl. perfringens Type A in cattle, horses, dogs
Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis
40
Cl. perfringens Type A in poultry
Necrotic enteritis
41
Cl. perfringens Type B in lambs
Lamb dysentery
42
Cl. perfringens Type B in calves, foals
Hemorrhagic enteritis
43
Cl. perfringens Type C in Calves, piglets, older sheep, fowls
Hemorrhagic enterotoxemia
44
Cl. perfringens Type D in Older lambs, goats, calves
Enterotoxemia
45
Cl. septicum in Domestic animals – cattle, pigs and
sheep
Malignant edema ; abomasitis
(braxy) in sheep
46
Cl. tetani in Domestic animals
Tetanus
47
Other species of Cl. in Domestic animals
Gas gangrene
48
Causes spastic paralysis and exhibits the Formation of terminal
spore gives drumstick like shape and
appearance
Clostridium tetani
49
Species susceptibility of Clostridium tetani: most susceptible
Humans and horses, followed by pigs
50
Species susceptibility of Clostridium tetani: moderately susceptible
Ruminants (Cattle, sheep) and pigs
51
Species susceptibility of Clostridium tetani: comparatively resistant
Carnivores (dogs and cats)
52
Species susceptibility of Clostridium tetani: resistant
poultry
53
Forms of tetanus: most common in
horses and humans, involves nictitating mem. followed by mm. of forelimb and hindlimb
Descending tetanus
54
Forms of tetanus: The disease is characterized by convulsive contractions of voluntary muscles
Ascending tetanus
55
Circumstances that contribute to tetanus in animals
Docking and castration wounds,
umbilical infections (tetanus neonatorum),
parturition (puerperal tetanus),
dehorning and ringing
56
He isolated C. tetani
Arthur Nicolaier
57
Mortality rate of Tetanus
40-78%
58
Incubation time of C. tetani
between 3-21 days
in neonatal tetanus between 4-14 days of birth
59
Characterization of tetanus: classic rigidity of body
Opisthotonos
Risus sardonicus
60
Common Classifications of Tetanus persistent muscle contraction in region of injury
Local tetanus
61
Common Classifications of Tetanus: concurrent with otitis media,
associated with head injuries and cranial nerves
Cephalic tetanus
62
Common Classifications of Tetanus: (80% prevalence) lockjaw other symptoms include elevated blood pressure, sweating, elevated temperature, rapid episodic heart rate, spasms continue for 3-4 weeks
Generalized tentanus
63
64
Common Classifications of Tetanus: born without passive immunity, usually through infection of unhealed umbilical stump
Neonatal tetanus
65
Treatment for tetanus: Antitoxin
IV or into subarachnoid space
for 3 consecutive days
66
Treatment for tetanus: Toxoid
SC route , to promote active
immune response
67
Treatment for tetanus: Penicillin
in large doses given IM or IV
68
Treatment for tetanus: Humans
Metronidazole and intramuscular
penicillin G
69
Prevention of tetanus
Rigorous hygienic response to injury
Vaccination
70
Vacciation of anti-tetanus
* First, 4 immunization shots (DPT: diphtheria- pertussis-tetanus) given within 2 years
* Every 10 years: booster shot
71
Botulism Sources of infection:
Horses and ruminants
poor quality baled
silage or hay containing rodent carcasses
72
He discovered C. botulinum
Van Ermengen
73
prevents release of acetylcholine at the motor plate, responsible for the characteristic flaccid paralysis
neurotoxin (botulinum toxin)
74
Botulism Sources of infection:
Carnivores
contaminated raw meat and
carcasses
75
Botulism Sources of infection:
waterfowl and other birds
dead
invertebrates and decaying vegetation
76
Species susceptibility of C. botulinum: most susceptible
Waterfowl, cattle, horses, sheep, mink, poultry and farmed fish
77
Species susceptibility of C. botulinum: relatively resistant
Pigs and dogs
78
Species susceptibility of C. botulinum: resistant (rare cases)
Domestic cats
79
Toxins of C. botulinum:
botulism in domestic animals
Types C and D
80
Toxins of C. botulinum:
are the principal causes of human botulism
Types A, B, E, and F, G, H
81
Toxins of C. botulinum:
implicated in botulism in mink and
chickens
Type A
82
Toxins of C. botulinum:
botulism occurs in cattle and horses
Type B
83
Toxins of C. botulinum:
botulism occurs in cattle, sheep,
turtles, chickens (“limberneck”), and wildfowl, particularly waterfowl that have been eaten rotting vegetation
Type C
84
Toxins of C. botulinum:
primarily affect birds and turtles; type C (beta) toxicosis is seen mainly in cattle, sheep, and horses; it is not neurotoxic but affects vascular permeability and has enterotoxic activity
Type C (alpha)
85
Toxins of C. botulinum:
botulism causes “lamziekte” or “loin disease” in cattle with pica (phosphorus deficiency); toxin is produced in bones and tissues of dead animals
Type D
86
Incubation period of Botulism
3-17 days
87
paralysis of muscles of the
neck in long-necked spp
Limberneck
88
Treatment for Botulism: enhance NT
release at NMJ
Tetraethylamide and guanidine
hydrochloride given IV
89
Clinical Syndromes (humans): most common form
Food-borne: ingested from foods that spores have germinated and grown in, considered an intoxication
90
Clinical Syndromes (humans): very rare
Wound: infects a wound and then produces toxins that spread through the bloodstream
91
Clinical Syndromes (humans): common source is honey
Infant: infection, establishes itself in the bowels of infants, colonizes and produces the toxin
92
Clinical Syndromes (humans): usually
from surgeries
Unidentified: source is unknown, usually from intestinal colonization with in vivo production of toxin
93
Botulism Symptoms
Begin 8-36 hours after ingestion
Length: 2 hours to 14 days after entering circulation
94
Alternative Clostridium botulinum Uses
Botox - Type A
Biological Warfare
95
types of botulinum toxin in humans
Type A, B , E and F
96
types of botulinum toxin in cattle and poultry
Type B, C, and D
97
HISTOTOXIC CLOSTRIDIA
C. chauvoei,
C. septicum,
C. novyi type A and B,
C. haemolyticum,
C. sordelii,
C. perfringens type A
98
They identified C. septicum
Pasteur and Joubert
99
C. sordellii case reports:
* Pneumonia
* Endocarditis
* Arthritis
* Peritonitis
* Corneal Ulcer
* Bacteremia
100
C. sordellii wound infections:
* Myonecrosis
* Tissue allograft infections
* Neonatal omphalitis
* Postpartum endometritis
101
C. sordellii Toxic Shock Syndrome
ØAcute onset and rapid progression
ØLow grade fever
ØRefractory tachycardia and hypotension
ØLeukemoid reaction
ØHemoconcentration
ØHigh case fatality
102
Factors which predispose to clostridial
proliferation in the intestine
1. Inappropriate husbandry methods
2. Sudden dietary changes
3. Local environmental influences
103
They isolated C. perfringens
Welch and Nuttal in 1892
104
Inflammation of the intestines due to antibiotics
Antibiotic Associated colitis
105
C. difficile Toxins: Enterotoxin
Toxin A
– Protein toxin released by C. difficile in the lower Intestine
– Frequently cytotoxic
– Alters the permeability of the
epithelial cells of the intestinal wall.
– Pore-forming toxins, secreted by bacteria, form pores in cell membranes causing cell death.
106
C. difficile Toxins: Cytotoxin
Toxin B
Associated with Inflammation
107
Pseudomembranous Colitis: Toxic mega-colon Symptoms
– Increased abdominal pain
– Abdominal bloating
– Abdominal tenderness
– Fever
– Tachycardia (rapid heart rate)
– Dehydration
108
Atypical clostridia
C.piliforme
