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Clostridium Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

Clostridium summary

A 
G+ve bacilli
Anearobes of varying O2 sensitivity
Produce spores
Commensal and saprophytic present in intestinal tract in soil and in decaying organic matter 
Produc highly effective exotoxins
Not contagious
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2
Q

Disease type: histiotoxic

A

Wound infection or dis preceded by injury or insult

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3
Q

Disease type: enterotopathogenic

A

Problems originate in GIT incl ingest of preformed toxins in botulism

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4
Q

Histiotoxic clostridia

A

Involve trauma to tissues that allows inoc or act of spores
Begetative cells in alimentary tract can lead to spore deposition in tissues
Spores persist until elim
Tissue injury due to bact growth and disease - dep on tissue colonised, trauma type and clostridial species toxigenicity

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5
Q

Histiotoxic clostridia toxins

A

Lecithinase

Necrotising tox

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6
Q

C novyi type B

A

Sheep and cattle
Can cause blacks disease of sheep
Spore germ in tract left by migratin immature fluke
Tox prod extends the lesion causing tissue nevrosis and systemic tox release

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7
Q

C novyi type D

A

Cattle
Liver
Contrib by fascioliasis

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8
Q

C chauvoei

A

Cattle usually 6mnth to 2 yr and usually restricted to spec pastures
Muscle
Causes blackleg
Without obvious trauma usuaally a non penetrating injury or tooth eruption
Affected muscles are black to dark red and contain gas

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9
Q

C septicum

A

Sheep
Abomasum
Frosted food

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10
Q

C perfringens, novyi, septicum, chauvoei

A

Myositis or gas gangrene
Bact intro directly to tissues by trauma
Most in cattle and sheep but other animals too
Colonise putrefying tissues, pathology of lesions( gas form, tissue BD, proteolysis)

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11
Q

Control of clostridium infection

A

Vacc

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12
Q

C tetani description

A 
Anearobe G+
Straight slender rod with rounded end 
Spore form with terminal drumstick spores
Spores highly res
Flagella for motility
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13
Q

C tetani occurrence

A

Founf in animal and man intestines
1o source is animal faeces and soil
Spires are widespread
Variable species succeptibility

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14
Q

C tetani toxins

A

Most pathogenic tetanospasmin consist of a H and L chain
Non toxic by oral route as degraded
Strains vary in toxigenicity but only one antigenic type recog

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15
Q

C tetani pathogenesis

A 
Non invasive so stay at original site
Spore contam wound
Spore germ in wound as low O2 tension and nonviable material
Tox prod and release
Tox action
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16
Q

C tetani tox action

A

Absorbed from infect site and move via periph motor neurons within axon to CNS
Tox prev inhib neurotrans release so over stim motor neurons in CNS preventing m relaxation
So interfere with normal inhib and cause tonic spasm
Affects voluntary m - head and neck first affected
Some tox travel bia blood and lymph to all body nerves and reaches CNS by uptake through neuromusc nerve endings and subseq intra-axonal route

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17
Q

Tetanus severity dep on

A

Toxin amount reaching the CNS

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18
Q

Tetanus lab diagnosis

A

Gran stained smear
Drumstick appearance
Direct culture onto blood agar

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19
Q

Tetanus treatments

A

Debride
Relaxants
Antitoxins
Antibios

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20
Q

Tetanus prev and control

A

Hygeine
Toxoid vacc
Antitox
Horses often 2 priming tetanus toxoid dose vacc with booster after 1 yr and then every 2/3 yrs after that

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21
Q

Antitoxin (tetanus) action

A

Once toxin bound it can’t be neutralised by antitoxin

Antitoxin provides about 4 wks protection

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22
Q

Ruminant tetanus risk

A

Less susceptible but can occur following castration
Tail docking
Or dystocia

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23
Q

Enteropathogenic bact and classification of it

Study These Flashcards
A

C perfringens
Based on toxins (determine dis type)
CW and capsular antigens distrib accross all so not a diagnostic tool

24
Q

C perfringens A

Study These Flashcards
A

Alpha tox
Food poisoning (man)
Gangrene
Pig/calf enteritis

25
C perfringens B
``` Alpha Beta Epsilon Lamb dysentry Also foal and calf ```
26
C perfringens C
Alpha beta toxs Struck (sheep goats) Dysentry lamb calf pig
27
C perfringens D
Alpha epsilon toxs Enterotoxaemia Pulpy kidney (sheep goats)
28
C perfringens E
Alpha iota toxs Doubtful pathogen Possibly enteritis in rabbits and calves
29
Alpha tox c perfringens
Lecithinase act directly on CM
30
Beta tox c perfringens
Common to strains causing enteritis | Reduces intestinal motility
31
Epsilon tox c perfringens
Act on endo
32
Iota tox c perfringens
Target host cell cytoskel | Alter epi perm
33
C perfringens dis diagnosis
Demonstr spec tox in intestinal tract at necropsy Detect tox in faeces Occassional isolation of bact and demo of tox type in culture Tox detection by ELISA or bioassay ir genes by PCR
34
Perfringens D enterotoxaemia or pulpy kidney risk grp and pathogenesis
Small no of commensal in intestine Most in nursing (3-10wk) lambs with rich pasture access as excess digestible carb entering s intestine initiate dis as stim growth of bact Epsilon tox is a protox act by trypsin. Local epi dam facilitating tox absorption and endo dam esp kidney and brain Hyperglycaemia due to enhanced glycogenolysis causing glucosuria and large no of non sporing clostridia found in intestinal tract. Dead animals of enterotoxaemia putrefy quickly
35
Perfringens B and C dysentry and enteritis
Intestinal lesion due to beta tox Pathogenesis similar to D infection Mostly lowland breed single lambs adult sheep and suckling piglets Muc surf of s intestine colonised Beta tox cause muc necrosis and ulceration
36
Perfringens A food poisoning
Commensal in most animals occassionally cause intestinal disease but cause food poisoning in man Elaborate an enterotox upon sporulation Strains contam meat and due to spore form and undercooking aren't elim by heating process
37
C difficile
Common in hum neonate faeces Used to be implicated with antibio assoc colitis in hum Main problem as nosocomial infect in elderly patients treated with antibios Possibly zoonotic
38
C botulinum description
Stric anaerobe G+ve rod Motile via flagella Highly res Spore form (widely distribute in soil, veg, fruit, silage, manure, sea and lake sediment) Cause foodborne botulism, wound botulism and toxicoinfectious botulism Prod potent neurotox
39
C botulinum tox
Potent heat labile tox Most potent known natural tox (Opposite to tetanus - muscle relaxed paralysis)
40
C botulinum classification
Subdivised on basis pf 6 main tox types recog A-F C and D prod 2nd tox -C2 Tox potency varies and are antigenically distinct but pharmacologically similar Have shared cellular antigens with sporogenes an novyi so may x react in tests
41
Tox assoc with location
E with marine source A and B with soil All found in range of places incl spoiled food, animal carcasses, spoiled hay and silage etc
42
Tox production and composition of botulinum
Vegetative cells prod toxin released by autolysis Chrom encoded: A B C2 E Phage encoded: C1 D Protoxin - H chain - disulphide bond - L chain H binds L is Zn dep endopeptidase (proteolysis of spec pros forming synaptic vesicle docking and fusion complex)
43
``` Botulism pathogenicity (Not truly an infectious dis as bact dont need to enter only the preformed toxins) ```
Preformed tox in food is absorbed in GIT Tox not inact by proteolytic enz, sometimes act Tox travel to neurons in blood Tox affect maily cholinergic system - block Ach release mainly in periphNS esp at neuromusc jctn Cause flaccid paralysis Death usually from cardiac or resp failure
44
Main types affecting animals
C and D Most frequently in farmed and wild birds Wound botulism is rare (increased in drug injecting humans
45
Botulism lab diagnosis
Isolate and ID organism or tox from suspected food, demo tox in blood by tox- antitox neutralisation test in mice Faeces and vomit may cont tox
46
Botulism treatment
Remove tox source or unabsorbed tox | Neutralise tox
47
Botulism control
Reduce tox prod/tox access Hygiene Toxoid vacc Antitox i/v
48
Horse botulinum types
A b c d
49
Cattle botulinum types
C d
50
Sheep botulinum types
C
51
Birds botulinum types
C d
52
Fishbotulinum types
E
53
Human botulinum types
A b e f
54
Equine grass sickness/dysautonomia/toxico-infectious botulism hypothesis
Natural c and d botulism type carried in equine pop Unknown trigger alter GI enviro cause overgrowth of C (or maybe D) in gut and incr tox production causing symptoms and pathology of EGS Severity dep on imm status and toxic insult
55
Shaker foal syndrome
Rare form of toxico-infectious botulism | Similar to infant botulism in humans

Bacteriology (15 decks)

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