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roman civilization > CLST 103 EXAM REVIEW > Flashcards

CLST 103 EXAM REVIEW Flashcards

1
Q

februa (meaning)

A

purification

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2
Q

It was the duty of the _______ to look after the calendar, to make any necessary adjustments.

A

pontifices (pontifex maximus)

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3
Q

Kalendae/kalends

A
  • 1st of every month
  • comes from the word calare (to proclaim)
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4
Q

For latin prose writers, no other writer can match the contribution of the roman statement, ______

A

Marcus Tullius Cicero

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5
Q

Idus/Ides

A
  • mid-month
  • March, july, october, may, the Ides fall on the 15th day
    In all other months, the Ides were on the 13th
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6
Q

Nonae/Nones

A
  • between the kalends and the ides
  • In march, july, october, may the Nones were on the 7th
    In all other months, the nones were the 5th.
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7
Q

The bishops of rome or the popes use the title _______

A

pontifex maximus

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8
Q

In each Roman month, the pontifices determined on which days you could do legal/political business and on which days you could not.

A
  • The days where you could do those things were called Fasti
  • Days when you could not do those things were called Nefasti
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9
Q

The basic symbols/numerals to know are

A

I, V, X, L, C, D, and later M
- The first three are hand-related, the third last and the last are the first letter of the words, centum and millie
- M represents millie, or a thousand happened later. Before the change, the romans used the greek letter phi or Φ
If Φ equaled 1000, then half of that symbol or D, came to represent 500.

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10
Q

During Cicero’s consulship, a bankrupt patrician, ________ attempted a revolution in Rome.

A

L. Sergius Catilina

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11
Q

Forensic, meaning “pertaining to legal matters”, comes from the latin word_______

A

Forum

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12
Q

In Cicero’s “In Verrem” speech of 70 BC, he prosecuted _______ former governor of Sicily, on the charge of extortion.

A

Gaius Verres

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13
Q

Dupondius

A

two asses, literally two pounds

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14
Q

Sestertius

A
  • 2 and a half asses
  • made of brass
  • 28 pounds
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15
Q

In order to be a roman senator under augustus, you had to have a property evaluation of ________

A

1,000,000 sesterces

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16
Q

as

A
  • bronze at first, later copper
  • The earliest as was bronze and it weighed one roman pound (or a libra) or 330 grams. Our pound is 454 grams.
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17
Q

The english word “agriculture” comes from two latin words ________

A

“agri cultura”, a phrase which means “the cultivation of the land”.

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18
Q

The latin word ______ can mean land or property, but it can also mean someone’s farm.

A

ager

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19
Q

Among the most important christian writers of the western roman empire are:

A
  • Tertullian
  • Ambrose of Milan
  • St. Augustine
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20
Q

study the use of propaganda and deception in history and literature

A

historiography

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21
Q

Virgil was noticed by maecenas, after he had written and published ________ a collection of pastoral poems.

A

The Eclogues

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22
Q

‘The Aeneid’ was about how the latin people were descended from Trojans, led by ________, a prince of Troy, who had escaped the destruction of Troy by the Greeks.

A

Aeneas

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23
Q

Virgil modeled his epic, The Aeneid, after the two epic poems of _______

A

Homer, the Iliad and the Odyssey.

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24
Q

Vergil used the same meter used by the Greek epic poet Homer, __________ for his latin epic.

A

dactylic hexameter
- Dactylic hexameter is also called “heroic meter”

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25
Q

The Aeneid has ____ books (chapters), and of these, the first ____ books were about ______’ journey or odyssey from Troy to Italy.

A

12, 6, Aenea

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26
Q

Aeneas founded one Latin city, though his son, _____, founded ________________

A

Lulus; Alba Longa, the birthplace of Romulus.

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27
Q

_______was the purported ancestor of the Julian family, into which family Augustus had been adopted posthumously by Julius Caesar.

A

Lulus

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28
Q

Approximate salaries for romans

A

1 cent

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29
Q

approximate salaries for secretary, lecturuer, messenger, haruspex, legionary, praetorian, legionary centurion:

A

in order: 15, 12, 9, 10, 20, 60, 300

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30
Q

Ianuarius was named for ______, the god of doorways and beginnings.

A

Janus

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31
Q

In each Roman month, the pontifices determined on which days you could do legal/political business and on which days you could not.
The days where you could do those things were called _______
Days when you could not do those things were called _______

A

Fasti; Nefasti

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32
Q

In 1876, queen victoria received the title empress of India, __________

A

Imperatrix indiae

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33
Q

For the enduring influence of the roman empire, its successor, the __________ was at first a powerful state but over the centuries, it was weakened by the growth of other states

A

Holy Roman Empire

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34
Q

One way Spartacus was remembered with the _________, which were sponsored by the soviet union.

A

Spartakiad(e) Games

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35
Q

________ - visored helmet, long shield (scutum), short sword (gladius), shin guard (ocrea)
Helmet (galea)

A

Murmillo

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36
Q

long shield

A

scutum

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37
Q

short sword

A

gladius

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38
Q

shin guard

A

ocrea

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39
Q

helmet

A

galea

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40
Q

captured (in war?)

A

captivi

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41
Q

slave

A

servus; serva

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42
Q

manservant

A

anculus

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43
Q

handmaid

A

ancilla

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44
Q

slave born at home

A

verna (vernaculus, vernacula??)

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45
Q

property

A

mancipium

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46
Q

Our word “slave” comes from medieval latin _________the same word as Slav.

A

Sclavus

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47
Q

latin for freedman and freedwoman

A

Libertus; Liberta

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48
Q

Bread in modern romance languages:

A

French - pain
Italian - pane
Spanish - pan
Portuguese - pão
Romanian - pâine

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49
Q

The 3 most important crops:

A

1) wheat/barley
2) Grapes
3) Olives

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50
Q

The plebeians were especially devoted to the goddess ________

A

Ceres

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51
Q

The _______ began as officials who looked after the _____ or shrine of ceres.

A

plebeian aediles; adeas

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52
Q

greek bakers

A

pistores

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53
Q

bread

A

panis

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54
Q

The grain supply was called the ______ which means “yearly”

A

Annona

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55
Q

The prefect of the grain supply - ___________, managed the shipment and distribution of Rome’s grain supply.

A

Praefectus Annonae

56
Q

While wine from certain parts of Italy was still highly valued, wine from _______ and southern gaul (__________) came in higher demand during the early imperial period.

A

Baetica; Gallia Narbonensis

57
Q

Our word “oil” comes from the latin word _______ or _______, which means olive oil.

A

oleum; olivum

58
Q

olive

A

oliva

59
Q

_______ became a major source of olive oil production during the early empire

A

Baetica

60
Q

_____today produces about 50% of olive oil in the world.

A

spain

61
Q

jug/vessel

A

testa

62
Q

The final product was transported in _________and then shipped to Rome and elsewhere.

A

Amphorae

63
Q

What is called today ________ was Rome’s garbage dump for _______

A

Mount Testaccio; amphorae

64
Q

The modern ________ is roughly the same site as the Gardens of Lucullus.

A

Villa Borghese

65
Q

The modern Villa Borghese is roughly the same site as the ________. The gardens were built by _________, who was a military commander in Asia.

A

Gardens of Lucullus; Lucius Licinius Lucullus

66
Q

Made up of over 50 million jugs or vessels, the hill, also called _________ or Mountain of Sherds, reaches 150 feet high.

A

Monte dei Cocci

67
Q

The greatest surviving building from antiquity is the __________

A

Pantheon

68
Q

Another famous domed building is _________ in what used to be Constantinople, today ________

A

Hagia Sophia; Istanbul

69
Q

An adjustment to the dome, which was round, was the ______, which was more cup-shaped.

A

cupola

70
Q

The major national languages are:

A

italian, french, spanish, portuguese, romanian

71
Q

regional languages derived from latin:

A

1) Sardinian, Sicilian in Italy
2) Provencal, Occitan in France
3) Catalan (Catalonia) in Spain, Andorra
4) Romans(c)h in Switzerland, Ladin in n. Italy

72
Q

The standard form of French is that which was spoken in paris. In much of western France (_________) and the south (________), the dialect/language was fairly different.

A

Aquitaine; Provence

73
Q

Caesar had been warned by a _________, named Spurinna, to “beware the danger, that he would not live beyond the Ides of March.”

A

haruspex

74
Q

Cicero’s four speeches against Catilina, ______________, are preserved today and are regularly taught in latin classes as examples of latin rhetoric.

A

Orationes in Catilinam

75
Q

In Cicero’s Pro Fonteio speech of 69 BC, he defended ________, former governor of Transalpine Gaul, on the same charge.

A

M. Fonteius

76
Q

In a trial in 80 BC, Cicero defended a man, ________________, on a charge of murdering his father _________.

A

Sextus Roscius from Ameria; Pro Roscio Amerino

77
Q

Besides Cicero’s forensic speeches, he wrote works on:

A

1) Philosophy and Religion - De Amicitia; De Natura Deorum
2) Politics and the Roman Constitution:
a) De Re Publica;
b) De Legibus;
c) Pro Lege Manilia

78
Q

Contained in the De Re Publica, toward the end of the work, was a subsection called __________ or The Dream of Scipio

A

Somnium Scipionis

79
Q

The Dream of Scipio was about a vision that __________ had of his adoptive grandfather, __________, telling him about his destiny

A

Scipio Aemilianus; Scipio Africanus

80
Q

After Caesar’s assassination, which cicero supported after the fact, he delivered and published speeches against mark antony which were called _________

A

philippics.

81
Q

The speeches were called Philippics, because they were modeled after the speeches against King Philip of Macedonia by the Athenian orator, _________.

A

Demosthenes

82
Q

Julius Caesar and his historical commentaries

A

1) De Bello Gallico - a commentary of his time in northern Gaul from 58 - 52 BC, in which he, as a military commander, annexed the country into the Roman Empire.
2) De Bello Civili - a commentary on the Civil Wars against his political enemies in Rome

83
Q

Other Roman writers contemporary with cicero and caesar:

A

1) Gaius Valerius Catullus, a lyric poet, b. Verona in northern Italy
2) L. Lucretius Carus, Epicurean poet, De Rerum Natura

84
Q

Augustus promoted his ideas by - he assigned one of his chief advisers, a knight from ________ in Tuscany, named ________

A

Arretium (Arezzo); Gaius Maecenas

85
Q

The bust of maecenas, found in Arezzo - in arezzo, he is known by the italian form of his name, _______

A

Mecenate

86
Q

the most important of the contemporary roman writers were(?):

A

1) Publius vergilius Maro or Virgil
2) Quintus Horatius Flaccus or Horace
3) Titus Livius or Livy

87
Q

Since Aeneas was the son of ________, who was the daughter of Jupiter, and since Augustus was a descendant of ______, the son of Aeneas, the emperor was descended from Jupiter!

A

Venus; Lulus

88
Q

Denarius, struck on the order of ________, of _____on the obverse: on the reverse, Aeneas carries his father, ________ and the family ______.

A

Julius Caesar; Venus; Anchises; Lares

89
Q

Virgil thought his ________was imperfect, so he wrote in his will that it be destroyed after he died. That final wish was overruled by Augustus.

A

Aeneid

90
Q

Horace, like Virgil, came from a town outside of Rome, though Horace came from southern Italy, from the town of _______, today called ______

A

Venusia; Venosa

91
Q

The earliest work by Horace was his “________”.

A

Satires

92
Q

________was considered by Romans to be their own literary invention.

A

Satire

93
Q

Horace is most famous for his “______”, in Latin “________”, lyric poems that secured his position as one of Rome’s greatest poets.

A

Odes; Carmina

94
Q

Canadian actor, John Ireland, played _______.

A

Crixus

95
Q

retiarius

A

a net, a trident, arm guard

96
Q

net

A

rete

97
Q

arm guard

A

manica

98
Q

Samnite

A

like a murmillio, but a different helmet

98
Q

Samnite

A

like a murmillio, but a different helmet

99
Q

secutor

A

like murmillones and samnites, but a different galea (helmet)

100
Q

essedarius

A

fought from an essedum or chariot

101
Q

death

A

thanatos

102
Q

Among the most famous liberti were the advisers of the emperor claudius:

A

1) Narcissus - chief of staff, speech writer
2) Pallas - claudius’ finance minister

103
Q

Latin words for a family farm are _____and _______

A

ager; fundus

104
Q

A ________, was a wide farm or a plantation.
- could have hundreds of slaves on site.

A

latifundium

105
Q

For those who worked in the _______or in the mines (______), there was little hope of freedom or manumission.

A

latifundia; fodinae

106
Q

One reason why _________ pressed for land reform was because he realized that the large estates and the thousands of slaves had become a national security issue.

A

Tiberius Graccus

107
Q

What began as a rebellion in a plantation of 400 or so slaves, grew to 70,000 as other slaves joined. One leader, ______, was from Syria; the other,________, was from Cilicia

A

Eunus; Cleon

108
Q

Enna, where it began, is today called ___________. Its nickname is the ______of Sicily.

A

Castrogiovanni; ombelico

109
Q

When the last slave stronghold ______ fell, the surviving 20,000 were crucified, the method of execution for criminals who were not citizens.

A

Enna

110
Q

________was a Thracian slave there and he became friends with a Gaul named _______.

A

Spartacus; Crixus

111
Q

cherry

A

Cerasus

112
Q

persian apple or a peach

A

Malum persicum

113
Q

apricots

A

prunus armeniacus

114
Q

Although oranges were first cultivated in the far east, our word comes from sanskrit _______.

A

naranga (spanish keeps the form in naranja, italian - ariancia, french - orange)

115
Q

The place name in southern France,__________, is not related to the fruit or the color. It is derived from the pre-roman name of the town ________.

A

Orange; Arausio

116
Q

Picking the grapes, then pressing the grapes (_________- the juice from the pressing), and lastly the wine-making (fermenting) process were all labor, i.e. slave, intensive.

A

mustum

117
Q

Undiluted wine was called _______, but normally what people considered _______ was watered down.

A

merum; vinum

118
Q

The drink of the poor was called “_______”. It was inexpensive, watered-down vinegar.

A

posca

119
Q

A politically dangerous roman pun ____________ (Augustus’ successor, emperor Tiberius) → _______________ (translation-drunkard, hot with wine)

A

Tiberius Claudius Nero; Biberius Calidus Mero

120
Q

grapes

A

uvae

121
Q

berry

A

bac(c)a

122
Q

apple

A

malum/mala

123
Q

aureus

A

roman gold coin

124
Q

Although there had been gold coins in rome during the republic, it was julius caesar who standardized the weight and value of an aureus to:

A

100 sestertii or 25 denarii

125
Q

Some examples of great wealth:

A

1) M. Licinius Crassus, who was worth 200 million sesterces
2) L. Annaeus Seneca, 300 million

126
Q

The cap or _______ was one worn by a freed slave

A

pilleus

127
Q

The daggers (_____) were the instrument used that day

A

sicae

128
Q

Under the emperor _________, the aureus was replaced with the _______.

A

Constantine; solidus

129
Q

The aureus was ___ grams, while the solidus was ____ grams.

A

8; 4.5

130
Q

In modern italian, the word for cash, “______”, comes from the word solidus.

A

soldi

131
Q

With regard to salaries of the Romans, we know that under Augustus, ordinary soldiers serving in the army made ____________

A

225 denarii a year or 900 sesterces or 9 aurei.

132
Q

During the reign of Domitian, the salary of a soldier was raised to:

A

300 denarii a year or 12 aurei

133
Q

To be recognized among the business class of ancient Rome, the ________or the knights, you needed property that was equal to ________ sesterces.

A

equites; 400,000

134
Q

The S C found on roman coins was an abbreviation for ___________

A

Senatus Consulto

135
Q

one roman pound

A

libra

roman civilization (1 decks)

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