Cluster 2 Flashcards by Lee Vincent Neolar

Invented by gustav bucky in 1913 it is a device that has very thin interspaced lead strips intended to absorb scatter rad’n emitted from px b4 reaching the IR

Used when anatomic part being imaged is 10cm/12cm or more than 60+ kVp

Grid

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Lead lines in one direction, popular bc they allow angulation of the x-ray tube along the length of the leadlines

Linear/parallel grid

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Lead lines that run at right angle to one another, removes more scatter rad’n than linear grid bc it contains more lead strips oriented in 2 directions

Crossed or cross hatched grid

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Grids are oriented to one another

Grid focus

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Two types of grid focus:

Has lead lines that run parallel to one another used primarily in fluoro and mobile imaging
Has lead lines that are angled to approx match the angle of divergence of the primary beam

Parallel/non-focused grid

Focused grid

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Matches the size of cassette and is used by placing it on top of the IR

Wafer grid

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IR that has permanent grid mounted

Grid cassette

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Contains permanently mounted grid and allows image receptor to slide behind it

Grid cap

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Eliminate grid lines invented by hollis potter also called potter-bucky diaphragm
Motion blurs out lead strips shadows

Moving grid

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Back and forth movement several times during exposure

Reciprocating grid

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Oscillates in a circular fashion around the grid frame. Coming to rest after 20-30 seconds

Circulating grid

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The ratio of height of the lead strips to the distance between them.

Formula: H over D

Grid ratio

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Foundation for radiographic film, supports the emulsion

Properties:
Transparent and clear
Flexible and sturdy
Slight blue tint
Polyester (flexible and transparent)

Purpose: provide rigid structure onto w/c emulsion can be coated, flexible but unbreakable to allow easy handling

Base

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Heart of xray film, a material in which xrays or light photons from screen interacts and transfer info composed of gelatin and silver halide crystals

Emulsion

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Mixture where the silver halide crystals are suspended

Main fx: provide mechanical support for the silver halide crystals by holding them uniformly dispersed in place

Rpoperties:
Clear so that it transmits light
Purous to penetrate the silver halide crystal during processing

Gelatin

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Active ingredients bc it reacts to the xray beam, triangular and approximately 1ųm on a side, arrangements of atoms are in cube

Silver halide crystals

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Clumping of silver halide crystals, during manufacuting are dispersed through-out the gelatin during manufacture.

Film grain

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Durable protective layer that is intended to prevent damage to the sensitive emulsion layer underneath it

Supercoat/top coat/protective coat

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Binds emulsiom to the base of the film

Adhesive layer

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Colored backing on single emulsion film that prevents film from curling and prevent halation (image being recorded on the film by reflected light that exposes emulsion a second time)

Antihalation layer

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a photographic film used to capture the image formed by X-rays.

Xray film

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Used to enhance the effect of X-rays and reduce patient dose by converting X-ray photons to visible light, which then exposes the film.

Intensifiying screen

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Made of polyester or cardboard.
Provides support to the phosphor layer.

Base

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: Reflects light back toward the film to improve efficiency.

: Reduces light scatter and improves image sharpness.

Reflective

Absorptive (dye layer)

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Contains rare earth or calcium tungstate phosphor crystals. Converts X-ray energy into visible light (usually blue or green). The light exposes the film more efficiently than X-rays alone.

Phosphor layer

A transparent layer on top of the phosphor. Protects against scratches and moisture.

Protective coat

Controls the penetrating power of the X-ray beam. Higher kVp = more penetration, lower contrast. Lower kVp = less penetration, higher contrast. Affects contrast and patient dose.

kVp (Kilovoltage Peak)

Determines the quantity of X-rays produced per unit time. Affects the density (blackness) of the image.

mA (Milliamperes)

Duration of X-ray exposure. Often combined with mA as mAs (mA × time) — controls total radiation dose and film density.

Exposure Time (seconds)

Primary factor affecting image density. Higher mAs = darker image. Directly affects patient dose.

mAs (Milliampere-seconds)

Distance from X-ray tube to the image receptor. Affects image sharpness and magnification. Greater SID = less magnification and better sharpness.

SID (Source to Image Distance)

Distance between the object (patient) and the image receptor. Increased OID = more magnification and loss of sharpness.

OID (Object to Image Distance)

Affects image resolution. Small focal spot = better detail (used in fine structures). Large focal spot = better heat dissipation (used in thicker body parts).

Focal Spot Size

Used to reduce scatter radiation. Improves image contrast but increases patient dose.

Grid

Removes low-energy X-rays from the beam. Reduces patient skin dose and hardens the beam.

Filtration

Narrows the X-ray beam to the area of interest. Reduces scatter and patient exposure.

Beam collimation

Increase 15% kVp = 100% density (x2) (shortcut X1.15) Decrease 15% kVp = 50% desnity (/2) (shortcut X0.85) Density maintenance Increase 15% kVp = /2 mAs Decrease 15% kVp = X2 mAs

15% kVp rule

Unwanted blemishes on the radiograph, no diagnostic use and may cause misinterpretation of radiograph, unwanted image on radiograph, decrease the overall radiographic quality of image

Film artifacts

Sensitizes the emulsion * static energy * pressure * extraneous radiation

Sensitized artifacts

Produces multiple branching dark lines

Tree static

Produces multiple branching dark lines emanating from a broad base crown-like

Ground static

Produces irregular dark biotch on the film can usually be controlled by having equipment

Smudge static

Will leave deposits on film, area of increased or reduced density, occasionally some sludge may not be washed off and dried onto the film

Dirty rollers

Improper or inadequate chemistry, leaves a uniform dull gray haze on film, may also be seen in two different colors, referred as dichroic stain

Chemical fog

Ridges in guide shoes press against the film leaving artifacts

Guide shoes artifact

Dirt or stain on a roller, 3.14 inches apart

Pi-lines

Irregular or dirty rollers, small circular pattern are produced

Pressure marks

White light streaks, safelight too close or wrong wattage, film left in xray room during exposure

Light or radiation fog

Improper handling or storage appears as a fingernail mark

Kink marks

Causes by build up of electrons in the emulsion Three types of static artifacts: Crown Smudge Tree

Static

Yellowish stain that appears on finished radiograph due to inadequate washing remaining thiosulfate from fixer solution

Hypo retention

Thin plastic coating Shields the plate from physical damage and contamination

Protective layer

Contains photostimulable phosphors (e.g., BaFBr:Eu²⁺) Stores X-ray energy as a latent image

Phosphor layer

Reflects emitted light back to the detector Enhances light collection efficiency

Reflective layer

Reduces static buildup Absorbs stray light to reduce noise

Conductive layer

Provides mechanical strength and flexibility Made of durable plastic material

Support layer

Prevents ambient light from fogging the image Maintains image integrity before processing

Light-Shielding Layer

Outer protective layer on the back Often includes barcode or ID tag

Backing layer

To prevent build up of heat and humidity w/c degrades the film also removes excessive fumes from solution that may sensitize film emulsion should be placed in either the lower portion of entrance room or the wall

Ventilation

What is the temperature range for a ideal darkroom?

65*-75*F (18-24*c)

Permissible exposure limits Acetic acid: Ammonium thiosulfate: Hydroquinone: Phenol: Sulfur dioxide: Glutaraldehyde: Silver:

40 ppm 50 ppm 2mg/0.2 ppm 5ppm 5ppm 0.7mg/0.2ppm 0.1mg

Dark and all-black, decors should be removed, Painted almost any pastel or semigloss color

Decoration

Standard white light that normally illuminates interior rooms of hospital and clinics Purpose: Cleaning Maintenance Possible emergencies

Overhead lighting

What is the standard fluorescent fixture?

2-4 48-inches fluorescent tubes) per 8 square feet of floor space

Lamp which produces light in areas of spectrum w/c will not affect photographic materials like film and photographic paper light source that emits wavelength to w/c particular types of film are not sensitive

Safelight

Bulb filter for Conventional xray film and for blue sensitive film

Kodak wratten G-B filter

Problem with this type of door is that someone may enter when you are exposing

Single door

2 door entrance to darkroom, expensive, if one door is open u should lock the other one

Double door

Hallways as entrance to darkroom, ideal darkroom entrance bc of no door and air can freely circulate in the room

Labyrinth or maze

Best type, efficient but most expensive, composed of 2 black cylinders, outer is fixed inner is revolving w/ only one door

Revolving door

Place where loading and unloading of film

Dry section

Used for loading and unloading of films, and prep other materials prior to film processing

Loading bench

Device used to measure the temperature of the developer and fixer solution

Industrial thermometer

Device used to set the required time for processing of film 68*F for 5 mins

Timer

Cabinet for storage of the different sizes of unexposed film

Film bin

Cabinet for storage of the different accessories and things used in film processing

Storage cabinet

Cabinet for exchange of exposed and unexposed films for xray exposure and processing

Pass box of film transfer cabinet

Different sizes that corresponds w/ different size of film, use to hold film for processing

Hanger

Light tight container used to hold xray films

Cassette

Place for processing exposed film

Wet section

Holds the insert tank and serves as a water jacket

Master tank

Individual tanks to hold developer and fixer

Insert tank

Flat metal surface w/ and edge on either side, Entry point where the film is loaded. Guides film into the processor rollers.

Film feed tray

Moves the film through each stage of processing. Includes: Drive rollers: Propel the film forward through the processor, Rotate continuously via the motorized drive system, Maintain steady film speed and prevent jamming. Turnaround rollers: Redirect the film vertically upward after reaching the bottom of each tank, Film enters downward, wraps around the turnaround roller, and exits upward into the next section. Crossover rollers: Transfer film from one tank to another (e.g., from developer to fixer), Gently lift the film out of one tank and guide it into the next, ensuring smooth and quick transfer.

Transport system (roller system)

Tanks Purpose Converts exposed silver halide crystals into black metallic silver (image forms here). Removes unexposed silver halides, hardens the film emulsion. Removes residual fixer and chemicals from the film.

Developer Fixer Washer

Uses heated air to dry the film after washing. Ensures the film is ready for handling and storage.

Dryer system

Automatically adds fresh chemicals to maintain concentration. Works based on the amount of film processed.

Replenishment system

Pumps and agitates chemicals for uniform temperature and mixing.

Circulation system

Maintains optimal temperature for each processing solution (usually ~35°C for developer).

Temperature Control Unit

User interface to start/stop processor, monitor status, and adjust settings.

Control panel

Purpose: Converts exposed silver halide crystals into black metallic silver (forms the image). Time & Temp: Usually 5 minutes at 20°C (68°F). Agitation: Gently agitate to remove air bubbles.

Developing

Purpose: Stops development and removes excess developer. Time: 30 seconds to 1 minute in clean water. Prevents contamination of fixer.

Rinsing (stop bath)

Purpose: Removes unexposed silver halide crystals, hardens the emulsion. Time: 5–10 minutes. Note: Insufficient fixing causes milky or faded films.

Fixing

Purpose: Removes all residual chemicals to prevent film discoloration or fading. Time: At least 20 minutes in running water.

Washing

Purpose: Prepares film for handling, storage, or viewing. Methods: Air-dried or with a drying cabinet.

Drying

refers to any misrepresentation of the true size, shape, or position of an anatomical structure on a radiographic image.

Image distortion

Caused when the image appears larger than the actual object. Influenced by: Increased Object-to-Image Distance (OID) Decreased Source-to-Image Distance (SID) Minimized by: Increasing SID Decreasing OID

Size Distortion (Magnification)

Occurs when the shape of the object is distorted due to misalignment. Includes elongation and foreshortening. Causes: Incorrect central ray angulation Improper alignment of: X-ray tube Image receptor Object (patient part)

Shape Distortion

Factors affecting distortion - Greater SID = less magnification - Greater OID = more magnification and blur - Misalignment = shape distortion (foreshortening or elongation) - Improper angulation = distortion of shape and position

SID (Source to Image Distance) OID (Object to Image Distance) Object-Receptor Alignment X-ray Beam Angle

Directly proportional

Density Frequency Radiation quality Energy Quantity number of xrays Compton scatter Intensity Scatter rad’n

Inversely proportional

Wavelength Contrast Px dose

mA/s

Px dose Xray quantity Radiation intensity/output/exposure Density Number of xray

Ai Love Food So Bad

Air 7.6 lung 7.4 fat 6.3 soft tissue 7.4 bone 13.8

What affects attenuation? (Low energy, high atomic number)

Atomic number, thickness, mass density

What affects the scatter rad’n? (High energy)

GrAFiTE (grid, air gap technique, field size, thickness, energy)

which technical factor will yield the highest detail?

Always select the shortest exposure time

which technical factor will yield the highest contrast?

Compare and only check all the Kvp values of the choices (always the low kVp) low kVp high contrast, low penetrability

Imaging systems that uses laser light activation

Computed Radiography System

To prevent Ghosting Artifact

use intense white light stimulation.

Pattern of scanning in Computed Radio-rapid back and forth in Parallel Lines,

Raster Pattern.

Type of Processing classification ni CR/DR

Dry Processing

Cluster 2 Flashcards

(111 cards)