CM - PAHABOL NOTES Flashcards by Patricia Baltazar

A random urine that tested negative for pregnancy should be tested again using:
a. Fasting urine
b. 24 hr urine
c. Random urine

a. Fasting urine

Fasting urine or first morning urine have high concentrations of B-HCG

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Principle of Blood rgt pad

pseudoperoxidase activity

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Urine strip parameter that does not have negative result-

Urobilinogen

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Initiates spermatogenesis-

Spermatogenesis is under the central regulation of gonadotropins and androgens such as FSH, LH, and testosterone. Primarily FSH

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Specificity
A. True Negative/False Negative
B. True negative/False negative+True Positive
C. True positive/False Positive
D. True Positive/False Negative”

B. True negative/False negative+True Positive

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*Urine turns black upon standing
A. Alkaptonuria
B. Phenylketonuria
C. MSUD

A. Alkaptonuria

*Urine that turns black upon prolonged standing- alkaptonuria
*Urine that turns black upon air exposure- melanuria

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**Presence of leukocytes in urine is known as
A. Chyluria- lymph fluid or fatty acids in urine
B. Hematuria- blood in urine
C. Leukocytosis- increased WBC in blood
D. Pyuria

D. Pyuria

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**With Dimpled center and will polarize
A. Starch
B. Mineral Oil
C. Air bubbles
D. Pollen grains

A. Starch

Starch- sphere with dimpled center, with maltese cross formation on polarizing microscope

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Sperm count formula:

Sperm concentration formula:

Sperm concentration =[(# of sperm counted x dilution) / (area x depth)] x 1000

Sperm count = sperm concentration x sample volume

Also: (Sperm Count in 5 Squares) x (Dilution Factor) / (Volume of 5 Squares) x 1000.

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Best screening test for PKU
A. Ehrlich- used for urobilinogen
B. Esbach- used to detect urinary protein like albumin
C. Guthrie
D. Benedict- test for presence of glucose or reducing sugars

C. Guthrie

Guthrie bacterial inhibition test. (+) with growth of B. subtilis, indicating presence of phenylalanine which inhibits B2-TE.

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How will you determine the unspecified specimen is a spinal fluid.

Test for Tau protein; B-trace protein; higher concentration of chloride

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Component of sterheimer-malbin.

Sternheimer-malbin stain: Crystal violet + Safranin O

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NV of CSF glucose:

60-70% of blood glucose

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Another computation ng sperm count, 20 sperms counted

For sperm count, semen volume is required.
Sperm concentration:
**Assuming 2 WBC squares were used:
[(20 x 20) / (2 x 0.1)] x 1000= 2, 000, 000/ mL

**Assuming 5 RBC squares were used :
[(20 x 20) / (0.2 x 0.1)] x 1000= 20, 000, 000 / mL

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principle of nitrite:

Based on Greiss reaction

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Principle of pH
A. Double indicator
B. Double sequential

A. Double indicator

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Which of these is unable to polarized?
A. Uric Acid B. Cysteine C. Cholesterol

B. Cysteine

Cysteine is nonbirefringent

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All of the ff can contribute to urinary crystal formation, except?

Factors that can contribute to urinary crystal formation: temperature, pH, concentration

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lipid that is capable of polarizing light?

Cholesterol

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Ref range of CSF Protein
Adults:
Infants:

Adults: 15-45 mg/dL
Infants: 150 mg/dL; other references (15-60-older infants)

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Seen with maltese cross in polarizing microscope

Sediments with maltese cross formation under the microscope: OFBs, Fatty casts, fat droplets, starch

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How to clean blood spill

CDC:
1. Wear appropriate PPE
2. Confine spill and wipe it up with absorbent materials
3. Clean with neutral detergent and warm water
4. Disinfect using 1:10 dilution of 5% chlorine-bleach
5. Allow disinfectant to stand for 10 mins then rinse area with clean water
6. Properly dispose of the used materials

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aka: magnesium ammonium phosphate, struvite

Triple Phosphate

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coffin-lid crystal, prism-shaped, feathery, or fern leaf crystals

Triple Phosphate

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what condition: (black-colored stool)-ALSO IN IRON INTAKE

Upper GI bleeding

All of the following crystals routinely polarized except: A. Urid acid B. cholesterol C. radiographic dye D. Cystine

D. Cystine

What is the principle of Acetest?

Sodium nitroprusside

The most valuable initial aid for identifying crystals A ph B solubility C staining D polarized microscopy

A ph

Urine is diluted 1:2 and has a reading of 1.014. What is the actual specific gravity? a. 1.014 b. 1.016 c. 1.028 d. 1.036 0.014 x 2 = 0.028 → 1.028

c. 1.028

Proper handling of specimen for bilirubin and urobilinogen? a. Use amber colored container b. Store in ice/freeze during transport c. Use a normal container

a. Use amber colored container

Clear CSF a. Process without diluting b. Dilute in 1:1000 c. Perform cell count only if there is less than 200 cells

a. Process without diluting

Principle of urine strip for acetone-

Sodium nitroprusside test (Legal’s test)

Storage for ketones if delayed testing? a. Loosen the cap and store in refrigerator b. Tighten the cap and store in freezer

For accurate urine ketone testing, store the urine sample tightly capped and either deliver it to the lab within two hours, or refrigerate it at 2-8°C (36-46°F). IF THIS STATEMENT IS ABSENT, CHOOSE B, BKA REF YAN

Effect of bacteria to ketones: a. increased b. decreased c. vary d. no effect

b. decreased Some bacteria can utilize ketone bodies, like acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate, as alternative energy sources, particularly during periods of nutrient scarcity or when glucose is limited.

What percent of inorganic substances is present in urine? A. 25 B. 35 C. 45 D. 55

C. 45 Total solids in urine 60g: 35g organic, 25g inorganic 25g/60g x 100 = 41.67%

About microscope, it sharpens the image: a) course adj knob b) fine adj knob

b) fine adj knob **The fine adjustment knob is used to sharpen the image on a microscope, allowing for precise focusing and a clearer view of the specimen.

Most significant squamous epithelial cell:

clue cell

Which is NOT a nonbacterial increase in WBC in urine? choices: A. RA B. SLE C. UTI D. Acute interstitial nephritis

D. Acute interstitial nephritis

Normal semen is ____, typically with a pH ranging from 7.2 to 7.8.

slightly alkaline

Reagent used in Lange test for detection of acetone A. 10% ferric chloride B. Saturated sodium nitroprusside C. 10% Absolute alcohol D. 20% SSA

B. Saturated sodium nitroprusside The Lange test, used to detect acetone, involves adding glacial acetic acid and sodium nitroprusside to a sample, with a purple ring formation indicating the presence of acetone.

Diabetes insipidus gold standard:

water deprivation

Normal rating/value ng sperm motility.

50-60%

term refers to increased WBC

Pyuria

Which of the following is not considered PPE? o Disinfectant o Gloves o Goggles o Mask/Lab gown

Disinfectant

Urochrome source: a. Breakdown product of heme b. Metabolic product of protein c. Breakdown product of lipid d. Metabolic product of carbohydrates

a. Breakdown product of heme Urochrome, the pigment responsible for urine's yellow color, is a byproduct of hemoglobin breakdown, a process that occurs when old red blood cells are broken down.

**excellent preservative for sediment preservation: Thymol and boric acid Refrigeration Formalin and phenol

Formalin and phenol

**Maltese cross A. Cholesterol B. Starch

B. Starch

** Major component of surfactants; Alveolar stability:

Lecithin

** The ultimate goal of automation is to improve the reproducibility and __________ while increasing the productivity and standardization for reporting:

Color discrimination

**High protein intake causes _________ urine: a. Alkaline b. Acidic c. Concentrated d. Diluted

b. Acidic

** Maximum collection of CSF fluid

20ml

what principle is this? The albumin accepts the hydrogen as the indicator ionizes (releases) hydrogen for each albumin molecule.

protein error of indicators principle

**Correct evaluation of urine turbidity a. Against a white background c. Light source behind analyst b. Against a black background d. Light source in front of analyst

a. Against a white background

** What is the size and shape of RBCs in isotonic urine? a. About 10-14 um in diameter and dysmorphic b. About 10-14 um in diameter and biconcave disc shaped c. About 7-8 um in diameter and biconcave disc shaped d. About 7-8 um in diameter and crenated

c. About 7-8 um in diameter and biconcave disc shaped

**reabsorbs excess CSF and prevents accumulation of CSF:

arachnoid villi/granulations

**reagent strips left in urine for 4 hours, what will happen? a. Inc glucose b. Inc ketone c. Protein unaffected d. Decreased ph

c. Protein unaffected

**More representative measure of renal concentrating ability a. SG b. Osmolality c. Ph d. Protein

b. Osmolality Urine osmolality is used to measure the number of dissolved particles per unit of water in the urine. As a measure of urine concentration, it is more accurate than specific gravity. Urine osmolality is useful in diagnosing renal disorders of urinary concentration and dilution and in assessing status of hydration.

*Stain of choice for sputum cytology:

Papanicolau

**Correct way of adding reagents together a. Mix water and acid at the same time b. Do not mix acid and water c. Add water to acid d. Add acid to water

d. Add acid to water

**Each kidney contains approximately how many nephrons? a. 0.5 – 1 million b. 1 – 1.5 million c. 1.6 – 1.8 million d. 1 – 2 million

b. 1 – 1.5 million

** You have a urine with specific gravity of 1.005. What types of RBCs would you look for in the urine sediment? a. swollen and ghost b. crenated and ghost c. swollen and glitter d. crenated and glitter

a. swollen and ghost

what stains Delineates structure and contrasting colors of the nucleus and cytoplasm

sternheimer malbin

** PAS positive round bodies which takes Silver stains:

P. carinii/jiroveci

**Used for GFR EXCEPT: a. BUN b. BUA c. Serum creatinine d. eGFR

b. BUA

** Eosinophils in a urine may indicate what condition? a. Transplant rejection b. Damage to the glomerulus c. Toxins and viruses damaging the RTEs d. Acute interstitial nephritis induced by antibiotics

d. Acute interstitial nephritis induced by antibiotics

**Ketones is seen in urine due to: a. incomplete fat metabolism b. fatty acid consumption c. high carbohydrate diet d. low carbohydrate diet

d. low carbohydrate diet

** White blood cells enter the kidney by what means? a. Through the glomerulus b. Through the tissues c. By Brownian movement d. By osmosis

b. Through the tissues

**Which differentiates CSF Protein from Serum Protein: a. Absence of fibrinogen b. Presence of fibrinogen c. Presence of IgG d. Presence of Ceruloplasmin

b. Presence of fibrinogen

**What is the best preservative for urine? a. Formalin b. Boric Acid c. Toluene d. Thymol

c. Toluene

**Amniotic Fluid is a specimen of choice EXCEPT: a. Test for Neural Tube Defect b. Test for Fetal Lung Maturity c. Test for Fetal Lung Distress d. Test for Fetal Liver

d. Test for Fetal Liver **AFP is a protein made by your fetus' liver. The protein passes through the placenta and into your blood. The test helps find out whether your fetus has higher than normal levels of AFP. Higher levels of AFP may mean that your fetus has an abnormality such as a neural tube defect.

** Which of the following best describes a renal tubular epithelial cell? a. highly refractive and stains with Oil red b. With an eccentric nucleus and possibly bilirubin or hemosiderin-laden c. Abundant irregular cytoplasm with prominent nuclei d. Folded ones may resemble casts

b. With an eccentric nucleus and possibly bilirubin or hemosiderin-laden

**All are factors affecting the formation of urinary crystals, EXCEPT: a. pH b. Solute concentration c. temperature d. Protein Concentration

d. Protein Concentration

** Mineral fibers with ferroproteins, seen in:

Ferroginous bodies = Asbestosis

** OD of a normal Amniotic fluid:

365 nm

**What stain is used for hemosiderin? a. Guaiac Stain b. Sternheimer Malbin c. Perl Prussian Blue

c. Perl Prussian Blue

**Which results need to be rerun? a. pH 5, urate crystals b. Ketones c. glucose d. WBC cast, pH 8

d. WBC cast, pH 8 **Furthermore, casts are unstable in urine and are prone to dissolution with time, especially in dilute and/or alkaline urine. Although the presence of numerous granular or cellular casts is solid evidence of generalized (usually acute) renal disease, it is not a reliable indicator of prognosis.

Serosamucin: Rivalta’s is for ___

exudate

**Other term for mucin clot test: a. Ropes b. Strings

a. Ropes

** Which of the following patients is in renal failure? a. SG- 1.025, pH 7.5, volume 300 mLs/day, fatty & granular casts b. SG- 1.010 pH 7.5, volume 300 mLs/day, waxy & broad casts c. SG- 1.010, pH 5.5, volume 600 mLs/day, RBC & granular casts d. SG- 1.025, pH 5.5, volume 600 mLs/day, granular & epithelial casts

b. SG- 1.010 pH 7.5, volume 300 mLs/day, waxy & broad casts

**Urine for chemistry shaken well for what analysis? a. Red and White Blood Cell b. Ph and SG c. Ketones and Glucose d. Bilirubin and Urobilinogen

** You have a patient with viral hepatitis B. What cell might you most likely encounter in their urine? a. Squamous epithelial b. Transitional epithelial c. Renal Tubular epithelial d. Oval Fat body

c. Renal Tubular epithelial

**Black tarry stool is indicative of: a. Excessive fats -steatorrhea b. Lower GIT blessing -fresh bright red c. Upper GIT bleeding –also iron therapy d. Excessive carbohydrate

c. Upper GIT bleeding –also iron therapy **Undigested disaccharides cause an osmotic load that attracts water and electrolytes into the bowel, causing watery diarrhea. Bacterial fermentation of carbohydrates in the colon produces gases (hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and methane), resulting in excessive flatus, bloating and distention, and abdominal pain.

** To remove oxyhemoglobin interference in OD450 analysis of AF for HDN, use:

chloroform

**Cystic fibrosis is aka:

Mucoviscidosis

**The integrity of urine specimen is important because: a. accurate assessment b. monitor disease progress c. monitor treat effectivity

a. accurate assessment

**What urine specimen used to quantitate sediments a. MSCC b. First morning c. Timed d. Midday

b. First morning

presence of OFB, Cholesterol crystals, fatty casts indicates what?

NEPHROTIC SYNDROME:

** Which of the following has the highest cytoplasm to nuclear ratio? a. WBC b. Squamous epithelial c. Transitional cell d. Renal tubular epithelial cell

b. Squamous epithelial

** Source of anti-HCG of home based preg kit:

rabbit

*fern-like crystals in urine:

NaCL and protein

**How much diluent is needed to make a 1/2 dilution if the solute is 1.5 (g?) a. 0.5 b. 1.2 c. 1.5 d. 0.05

c. 1.5 **dilution= solute: solution 1:2 solution= solute + diluent 2 x solute = 1.5 + X 2 x 1.5= 1.5 =. X diluent = solution minus solute 3-1.5=. 1.5

** Which of the following is NOT true about mucus? a. It is a glycoprotein detected by the reagent strip b. It appears as shadowy strings in the background c. It is best viewed under a phase contrast microscope d. it can be increased under conditions of stress and exercise

a. It is a glycoprotein detected by the reagent strip

** Urinary casts most commonly form under which of the following conditions?

Dehydration, increased acidity, increased SG

**produces HCG:

trophoblast

**Not a shape of transitional epithelial cells. a. Caudate b. Convoluted c. Spherical d. Polyhedral

b. Convoluted

** Patients with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus are prone to having what kind of urinary sediment cast? a. Broad b. Fatty c. Waxy d. Bacterial

b. Fatty

** When will B-HCG normalize in Ectopic pregnancy:

1-31 days after removal of fetus

CM - PAHABOL NOTES Flashcards

(97 cards)