CNS 1

Question 1

MC organ affected by congenital birth defects

Answer 1

brain

Question 2

Causes of microcephaly

Answer 2

fetal alc syndrome, trisomy 18, congenital rubella, congenital HIV

Question 3

MC cause of hydrocephalus

Answer 3

obstruction of normal CSF flow due to congenital malformations, tumors, hemorrhage, or CNS infx, etc

Question 4

condition of missing portion of a posterior vertebral body

Answer 4

spina bifida occulta

Question 5

herniation of meninges but not the spinal cord

Answer 5

meningocele

Question 6

herniation of meninges and spinal cord

Answer 6

meningomyelocele

Question 7

elevated ____ is associated with neural tube defects and abd wall defects

Answer 7

AFP

Question 8

What are the percentages of cerebral palsy occurring during pregnancy, during childbirth, and after birth?

Answer 8

75%, 10%, 15%

Question 9

T or F

Cerebral palsy is more common in premature infants

Answer 9

T

Question 10

Intrauterine development of cerebral palsy has been associated with

Answer 10

maternal infections, such as Strep throat and CNS infx

Question 11

MC type of cerebral palsy

Answer 11

Spastic CP (70-80%)

Question 12

MC finding on autopsy of newborns and infants with CP? Caused by?

Answer 12

Periventricular leukomalacia. Lack of blood flow

Question 13

Condition in which astrocytes become activated to protect neurons / repair damage

Answer 13

Gliosis

Question 14

Viral or bacterial?
A) MC cause of meningitis
B) 2nd MC of meningitis

Answer 14

A) viral infx

B) bacterial infx

Question 15

MC cause of meningitis
A) in neonates
B) in infants/children
C) in adolescents/adults
D) older adults
E) 2nd MC in all adults

Answer 15

A) E coli
B) N. meningococci
C) same
D) Strep pneumonia
E) N. meningococci

Question 16

Histo typical of meningococcal meningitis

Answer 16

gram negative diplococcic within a neutrophil. edema and focal inflammation

Question 17

Waterhouse Friderichsen syndrome

Answer 17

complication of meningococcal meningitis

Question 18

Possibly first symptom of meningococcal meningitis

Answer 18

rapidly spreading petechial rash. numerous small irregular purple or red spots on trunk, LE, mucous membr, conjunctiva, palms, soles

Question 19

Type of meningitis that occurs most frequently from 1 month to 4 years of age

Answer 19

H flu

Question 20

Multiple gestation, placental abruption, and fetal abnormalities are associated with what marker? High or low?

Answer 20

High MAFP

Question 21

Down’s syndrome and Trisomy 18 are associated with what marker? High or low?

Answer 21

Low MAFP

Question 22

% of children with congenital heart disease that have developmental deficits and brain injury

Answer 22

one third

Question 23

Children with Periventricular Leukomalacia are at risk for

Answer 23

motor disorders esp of lower limbs

Question 24

inflammation of pia and arachnoid

Answer 24

meningitis

Question 25

inflammation of the brain

Answer 25

encephalitis

Question 26

inflammation of brain, pia and arachnoid

Answer 26

meningoencephalitis

Question 27

Bacterial or non-bacterial? A) purulent meningitis B) aseptic meningitis

Answer 27

A) bacterial | B) non-bacterial

Question 28

Risk factors for meningococcal meningitis

Answer 28

recent exposure to the disease or recent URI

Question 29

Prior to vaccine, this organism was the MC cause of bacterial meningitis in children under 5

Answer 29

H flu

Question 30

Risk factors for H flu meningitis

Answer 30

otitis media, sinusitis, pharyngitis, other URI, Hx, FHx, day care, Native American, Eskimos

Question 31

20% of pts who recover from H flu meningitis have this complication

Answer 31

hearing loss

Question 32

These 2 organisms account for half of aseptic meningitis cases

Answer 32

coxsackie and echovirus | others: HSV 1 and 2, varicella, rabies, HIV

Question 33

This organism most often affects people with compromised immune systems (causing meningitis)

Answer 33

Cryptococcal neoformans (yeast)

Question 34

Dx of cryptococcal meningitis is made by...

Answer 34

India ink stain, CSF culture, Cryptococcus antigen

Question 35

``` Viral Meningitis organisms A) MC in spring and summer B) MC in late summer C) MC in spring D) not seasonal ```

Answer 35

A) arboviruses B) Enteroviruses C) mumps and varicella D) HSV

Question 36

What is MC cause of viral meningitis (in which the cause is identified)? What is other major cause?

Answer 36

enteroviruses | HSV

Question 37

Enteroviruses include

Answer 37

coxsackie A and B, echoviruses, and polioviruses

Question 38

MC cause of sporadic encephalitis

Answer 38

HSV

Question 39

What type of herpes is responsible for almost all adult cases of herpes meningitis and herpes encephalitis

Answer 39

Type 2 | Type 1 is found more commonly in infants though

Question 40

Gold standard Dx for carcinomatous meningitis

Answer 40

detection of tumor cells in CSF

Question 41

What types of non-hematological cancers MC metastasize to the CNS?

Answer 41

lung, breast, and melanoma | also can be head and neck, GU and GI tumors

Question 42

MC histological type of carcinomatous meningitis

Answer 42

adenoma

Question 43

Cells of carcinomatous meningitis have this growth pattern

Answer 43

Grow in sheet like fashion

Question 44

MC cerebral symptom of carcinomatous meningitis

Answer 44

HA (in one-third)

Question 45

MC cranial nerve symptom of carcinomatous meningitis

Answer 45

diplopia (20%)

Question 46

slender hyphae which may branch at 45% angles

Answer 46

aspergillus

Question 47

brain abscesses occur more frequently during what time of life?

Answer 47

first 4 decades

Question 48

MC organism responsible for brain abscesses

Answer 48

Streptococcus (30-50%)

Question 49

MC responsible for brain abscesses in infants

Answer 49

gram negative organisms

Question 50

6 MC organisms responsible for brain abscesses in immunocompromised hosts?

Answer 50

M. tuberculosis, N. astroides, aspergillus, candida, Cryptococcus, toxoplasma

Question 51

Neurocysticercosis is caused by what organism?

Answer 51

pork tapeworm (taenia solium)

Question 52

MC neuro-parasitic infection in humans

Answer 52

neurocysticercosis

Question 53

Cysticercosis in humans only develops by this mechanism

Answer 53

ingesting products which are fecally contaminated with T solium eggs results in larvae encysting in the brain

Question 54

CT of neurocysticerosis shows

Answer 54

multiple, small nodular, and annular areas of abnormal enhancement in brain parenchyma.