CNS/ANS

Question 1

What is grey matter ?

Answer 1

“Nuclei” in cortices, ganglia outside CNS

Question 2

Where is white matter?

Answer 2

Tracts in CNS, nerves outside CNS

Question 3

The brain weighs about 1/70th of the body but receives _____% of the blood

Answer 3

20

Question 4

What are the different tracts?

Answer 4

Projection - Low <—-> High
Association - Short connections
Commisural - L. Hemisphere <–> R. Hemisphere (largest is corpus collosum

Question 5

What do tracts do?

Answer 5

Connect one part of the CNS to another

Question 6

How is the CNS protected?

Answer 6

Bone (skull, vertebrae)
Layer of Meninges
Epidural Space
Dura matter
Subdural space
Arachnoid Matter
Subarachnoid space – where CSF is
Pia Matter (touches sulci of brain)

Question 7

Where is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and what does it do?

Answer 7

In the subarachnoid space

Gives buoyancy to brain and spinal cord so they are not damaged by their own weight

Cushions and protects
Blood Brain Barrier
Transports Materials

Question 8

What is the Blood Brain Barrier and what is its purpose?

Answer 8

Maintains a constant environment for the brain by being extremely selective

Created by the foot processes of astrocytes

Question 9

What material can pass the Blood Brain Barrier?

Answer 9

Lipid Solubles, Glucose, select ions and aminos

Question 10

What are the metabolic requirements of the brain?

Answer 10

A constant supply of oxygen and glucose

Question 11

How and why is glucose transported to the brain?

Answer 11

How - via plasma by insulin-independent membrane transporters

Why - for ATP

Note: This is why hypoglycemia leads to death and confusion

Question 12

What are the regions of the brain?

Answer 12

Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Epithalamus (pineal gland)
Thalamus
Hypothalamus (pituitary gland)
Brainstem
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla Oblongata

Question 13

How can the brain be modified?

Answer 13

Use-dependent competition (neuroplasticity)

Question 14

What are the functional areas of the brain?

Answer 14

Sensory Area
Motor Area
Association Areas (al the rest)

Question 15

Shat is the cerebral cortex made out of?

Answer 15

Grey matter

Question 16

Why is the cerebral cortex highly convoluted?

Answer 16

(Ask for clarification)

Question 17

What 2 channels opening cause an IPSP?

Answer 17

Chloride (-) and Potassium (+)

Question 18

What is the term for action potential conduction on myelinated fibers?

Answer 18

Saltatory conduction

Question 19

What NT causes vessel dilation and erectile tissue enlargement?

Answer 19

Nitric Oxide

Question 20

Where is the lower motor neuron found?

Answer 20

The ventral/anterior horn

Question 21

What are the effectors of the system that passes through the ventral/anterior horn of the spinal column?

Answer 21

Skeletal Muscles (It’s the motor system)

Question 22

What are the somatosensory modalities?

Answer 22

Touch, Pain, Pressure, Temperature, Proprioception

Question 23

What part of the brain is responsible for personality?

Answer 23

Prefrontal cortex

Question 24

What is the specific location of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd order sensory neurons?

Answer 24

1st: Dorsal Root Ganglion
2nd: Dorsal Horn
3rd: Thalamus

Question 25

What part of the brain tells the hypothalamus to fight or flight?

Answer 25

Cortex

Question 26

Which is the language area deficit where a victim can speak but does not know they are not making sense?

Answer 26

Wernicke's area

Question 27

Why is the SCN names the way it is?

Answer 27

The Suprachiasmic Nucleus is a nucleus on top of (supra) the optic chiasm

Question 28

What does the SCN make and secrete that is relevant to its function?

Answer 28

Meltonin

Question 29

What do Afferent neurons transmit?

Answer 29

Sensory Information

Question 30

What do efferent neurons transmit?

Answer 30

Motor impulses

Question 31

What does the corticospinal tract transmit?

Answer 31

Motor informarion

Question 32

What cells form myelin sheaths?

Answer 32

Schwann cells in PNS oligodendrocites in CNS

Question 33

From where do somatic instructions originate?

Answer 33

The primary motor cortex of the prefrontal cortex

Question 34

Excessive function of what brain region causes excessive muscle tone and mask face?

Answer 34

Basal Nuclei (the disease is Parkinson's)

Question 35

Damage to the hippocampus would result in what?

Answer 35

memory loss

Question 36

Where are the upper motor neurons?

Answer 36

The precentral gyrus

Question 37

Where are the lower motor neurons?

Answer 37

Anterior/Ventral Horns of the spinal column

Question 38

Where is the somatosensory cortex?

Answer 38

The Parietal lobe

Question 39

What are the cleanup crew cells of the CNS?

Answer 39

Microglial cells

Question 40

Damage to what structure may cause a coma?

Answer 40

Reticular Formation

Question 41

What is the body's clock?

Answer 41

The Suprachiasmic Nucleus

Question 42

What spinal damage causes paraplegia?

Answer 42

Thoracic 1 down

Question 43

What spinal damage causes quadriplegia?

Answer 43

C1 down

Question 44

What causes motor aphasia?

Answer 44

Damage to Broca's area

Question 45

What enzyme breaks down catecholamines?

Answer 45

Monoamine oxidase

Question 46

What breaks down ACh?

Answer 46

Acetylcholinase

Question 47

What causes vesicles to move to the synaptic cleft?

Answer 47

AP moves down the presynaptic neuron, depolarizing the axon, opening up voltage gated Ca2+ channels then Ca2+ flows into the axon, releasing vesicles into the synaptic cleft

Question 48

What types of transmission uses the spinothalamic tract?

Answer 48

Pain and temperature

Question 49

What NT is used in almost all neuromuscular junctions?

Answer 49

Acetylcholine

Question 50

What brain region receives input from proprioceptors, visual receptors, and other sensory regions in order to do its job

Answer 50

The cerebellum

Question 51

What are the the three voltage-gates channels that open during an AP (in order)

Answer 51

Sodium (Na) Potassium (K) Calcium (Ca)

Question 52

What are the class of receptors that ACh can bind to?

Answer 52

Muscarinic receptors

Question 53

What type of channel is mostly found on cell bodies and dendrites?

Answer 53

Ligand-gates channels

Question 54

What controls the ANS?

Answer 54

Hypothalamus

Question 55

What is meant by dual innervation?

Answer 55

An organ receives an input from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions for a variety of functions and precise control. Ex. The heart: parasymp decrease hr; symp increase

Question 56

What organs, tissues, and glands are innervated *only* by sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 56

Sweat glands, arrector pili. blood vessels

Question 57

What major cranial nerve carries PSNS teansmission through abdominal and throaci cavities?

Answer 57

Vagus Nerve

Question 58

What class of drugs affects the SNS?

Answer 58

Sympathomimetic

Question 59

Give an example of a sympathomimetic drug and its effects

Answer 59

Tricyclic antidepressants: prolong the effects of norepinephrine on postsynaptic membranes

Question 60

What class of drug decreases the effects of the SNS?

Answer 60

Sympatholytic

Question 61

Name a sympatholytic drug and its effects

Answer 61

Beta blockers block cardiac B1 receptors which decreases HR and blood pressure

Question 62

What is the class if drugs that decrease the effects of the PSNS?

Answer 62

Parasympatholytic

Question 63

Name a parasympatholietic drug and its effects

Answer 63

Atropine dampens the PSNS by blocking a muscarinic receptors. Increases heart tate and urinary retention

Question 64

What receptor increases HR? What is its neurotransmitter? What division of the ANS?

Answer 64

B1 NE/epinephrine SNS

Question 65

What receptor type decreases HR? What is the neurotransmitter? What division is involved? What nerve is involved?

Answer 65

Muscarinic ACh Vagus PSNS

Question 66

What receptor decreases (constricts) blood vessels? What NT? What division?

Answer 66

A1 NE/epinephrine SNS

Question 67

Blocking the re uptake of what js a function of SSRI anti-depressants

Answer 67

Seratonin

Question 68

What important ANS reflex center works closely with the hypothalamus?

Answer 68

Brain stem

Question 69

Why are the effects if the SNS more widespread?

Answer 69

Fight or flight is a "whole body" response so more systems and tissues are affected by it

Question 70

Why are the effects of the SNS longer?

Answer 70

Norepinephrine is inactivated much more slowly than ACh and remains circulating until it is destroyed by the liver

Question 71

What receptor type dilates bronchioles?

Answer 71

B2

Question 72

What is the biggest nerve of the PSNS?

Answer 72

Vagus

Question 73

Which ANS div increases heart rate?

Answer 73

Sympathetic

Question 74

Which ANS div decreases HR?

Answer 74

Parasympathetic

Question 75

Which ANS division moves extrinsic eye to scan the horizon?

Answer 75

Neither

Question 76

Which ANS division increases the release of lacrimal secretions from the eye?

Answer 76

Parasympathetic

Question 77

Which ANS dic decreases saliva secretion?

Answer 77

Sympathetic

Question 78

Which ANS dic dilates/relaxes bronchiolar smooth muscles?

Answer 78

Sympathetic

Question 79

Which ANS div increases bladder contraction?

Answer 79

Parasympathetic

Question 80

Which ANS div causes an increase in sweating?

Answer 80

Sympathetic

Question 81

Which ANS div decreases digestive secretions and motility?

Answer 81

Sympathetic

Question 82

What ANS system causes hepatocytes to break down glycogen and release glucose?

Answer 82

Sympathetic

Question 83

What ANS division causes storage of fats and sugars

Answer 83

Parasympathetic

Question 84

What ANS division increases lipolysis?

Answer 84

Sympathetic

Question 85

What ANS division causes the lens to change shape for distance vision?

Answer 85

Sympathetic

Question 86

What ANS division causes an increase in digestive motility and secretion?

Answer 86

Parasympathetic

Question 87

What ANS system decreases vessel diameter in limbs, body wall, reproductive viscera?

Answer 87

Sympathetic

Question 88

What division of the ANS controls contraction of CIRCULAR muscles of iris (pupil constriction)

Answer 88

Parasympathetic

Question 89

What division of the ANS controls contraction of the RADIAL muscles of the iris (pupil dilation)?

Answer 89

Sympathetic

Question 90

Which division of the ANS controls the cilliary body muscle?

Answer 90

Parasympathetic

Question 91

Which division of the ANS uses ONLY muscarinic receptors at effectors?

Answer 91

Neither :P

Question 92

Which division of the ANS uses muscarnic receptors at ganglia?

Answer 92

Neither

Question 93

Which division of the ANS uses both muscarinic and adrenergic receptors?

Answer 93

Sympathetic

Question 94

Which division of the ANS uses alpha receptors at ganglia?

Answer 94

Synpathetic

Question 95

Which division if the ANS uses adrenergic receptors at ganglia?

Answer 95

Neither

Question 96

Which division of the ANS causes release of nitric oxide at erectile arteries?

Answer 96

PNS

Question 97

Which division of the ANS dominates during ejaculation?

Answer 97

Sympathetic

Question 98

Which division if the ANS increases salivary gland secretions?

Answer 98

Parasympathetic

Question 99

Which division of the ANS is responsible for the activation of the adrenal medulla?

Answer 99

Sympathetic