CNS (Brain and Spinal cord)

Question 1

What is the goal of CNS?

Answer 1

to survive long enough to pass your genes

Question 2

What do sensory receptors do?

Answer 2

pickup the physical stimulus into language neurons would understand
-also creates the action potential

Question 3

What are glia cells?

Answer 3

supporting cells

Question 4

What is the dorsal horn responsible for?

Answer 4

sensory input

Question 5

Through where does the sensory input enter?

Answer 5

the dorsal root ganglion

Question 6

What is the lateral horn?

Answer 6

autonomic nervous system

Question 7

Through where does the signal move out?

Answer 7

through the ventral root

Question 8

What is the white matter ?

Answer 8

sends information to the brain and from the brain

Question 9

What is the gray matter?

Answer 9

consists of sensory and motor nuclei

Question 10

What is the ventral horn responsible for?

Answer 10

motor control (motor cell bodies)

Question 11

Functions of the spinal cord

Answer 11

reflex and signal transduction
-from touching fire, theres a sensory input and a motor output
-reflex arc

Question 12

Cerebral cortex

Answer 12

-gray matter
-a lot of neurons

Question 13

What does the telencephalon include?

Answer 13

-thalamus
-hypothalamus
-epithelium

Question 14

Thalamus

Answer 14

-like a train station, all info move to your cortex from your body

Question 15

Corpus callosum

Answer 15

connection between two hemisphere of the brain (good communication between left and right brain)

Question 16

Dicephalon

Answer 16

connects corpus callosum to the brain

Question 17

hypothalamus

Answer 17

-controls pituitary gland
-controls body temp
-osmoreceptor
-thirst, sexual desire, and hunger

Question 18

Functional areas of cerebral cortex

Answer 18

-Occipital lobe: vision
-parietal lobe: sensory information from skin, musculoskeletal system, viscera, and taste buds
-Frontal lobe: skeletal muscle movement
-Temporal lobe: Hearing

Question 19

Brain lateralization

Answer 19

the right side of the brain controls left side of the body and the left side of your brain controls the right side of your body

Question 20

Occipital lobe

Answer 20

-visual information gonna go thru your two eyes then cranial nerve #2 and go to the thalamus, and from there to occipital lobe
-left visual field is analyzed by the right cortex
-right visual field is analyzed by the left cortex

Question 21

Parietal lobe

Answer 21

• a lot of neurons represent face and hands -> a lot of neurons means resolution is high
  -fewer neurons -> low resolution

Question 22

Frontal lobe

Answer 22

-controls the muscle
-many neurons on the face and hands (delicate movements)
-Forearm, arm, trunk, pelvis, thigh, leg, and foot are big muscles so dont have a lot of neurons controlling them. Advantage: is they produce a lot of power

Question 23

The prefrontal cortex

Answer 23

-function is high level reasoning and decision making
-Phineas P. Gage (speared his prefrontal cortex and was fine but had major behavioral changes)
-Frontal lobotomy: to try to treat patients with serious anger problems

Question 24

Basal Ganglia (basal nuclei)

Answer 24

-gray matter
-releases dopamine (rigorous system) and also motor control
-motor control requires various areas of the brain
-when basal ganglia neurons die, you can get parkinson disease
-Parkison disease: lose motor control gradually and language function

Question 25

Limbic system

Answer 25

-has more than one brain area
-gray matter
-Cingulate gyrus: plays a role in emotion
-Hippocampus: involved in learning and memory ->required to turn something into a memory
-Amygdala: involved in emotion and memory (panic button if activated too much)

Question 26

Henrv Molaison

Answer 26

-had epilepsy so could not control movement
-removed his hippocampus and now had memory problems, was not able to produce new memories

Question 27

Memory processing

Answer 27

-Information input goes into short term memory unless its processed and stored in long term memory
Information input -> short-term memory -> consolidation (requires hippocampus, repetition helps, turns into long-term memory) -> long-term memory -> locate and recall -> output (memory retrieved)

-not good sleep compromises this process

Question 28

Reflexive (implicit) memory

Answer 28

• you don’t use words to explain, you just do
  -recall is automatic and is unconscious
  -acquired slowly thru repetition
  -includes motor skills, rules and procedures

Question 29

Declarative (explicit) memory

Answer 29

-memory you use words to explain
-hippocampus required
-recall requires conscious attention

Question 30

Sleep patterns

Answer 30

-deeper sleep creates bigger waves and neurons are fired synchronously
-REM: dreaming (activity similar to when you’re awake
-when you go to sleep your brain is more activated than when you’re awake
-rehearsing what you learned during the day
-gets rid of waste particles
-you dream 4-5 times but only remember the last one