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Neurology > CNS cells > Flashcards

CNS cells Flashcards

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1
Q

The 3 Layers of brain protection

A

Bones
Meninges
Ventricles

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2
Q

The 2 bones that protect CNS

A

Cranium
Vertebrae

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3
Q

Durable outermost layer of the meninges

A

The Dura Mater

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4
Q

Thin, delicate, 2nd layer of the meninges

A

The Arachnoid Mater

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5
Q

Collective name of Pia Mater and Arachnoid Mater

A

The Leptomeninges

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6
Q

Space between the Dura Mater and Arachnoid Mater

A

The subdural space

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7
Q

The thin, innermost layer of the meninges that adheres directly to the brain, going deep into its grooves

A

The Pia Mater

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8
Q

The important area between the arachnoid mater and pia mater that is filled with blood vessels and fine tissue projections

A

The subarachnoid space

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9
Q

The fine tissue projections that connect the dura mater and arachnoid mater, and circulate CSF

A

trabeculae

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10
Q

Role of neurons (nerve cells)

A

Transmitting and integrating information in the brain.

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11
Q

Dendrites

A

Branched extensions of a nerve cell that receive inputs from other neurons

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12
Q

Cell body/soma

A

A part of a neuron that contains the nucleus and other organelles.

It is where all the dendrites converge and their electrical inputs are combined.

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13
Q

Axons

A

A single (often long) process which branches to form terminals that contact other neurons and/or cells.

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14
Q

Terminals

A

The endings of the axon through which many neurons signal information to the next cell, generally using chemical neurotransmitters.

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15
Q

Annotation Q

A

BLUE= dendrites
ORANGE= axon hillock
PINK= soma
GREEN= axon
RED= axon terminals

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16
Q

Cells that make gray matter

A

Neurons

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17
Q

Glia to Neuron ratio

A

4 : 1

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18
Q

Cells that make up white matter

A

Glial cells (glia/neuroglia)

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19
Q

Roles of glial cells

A

Maintain an optimal environment for neuronal function

Protect Neurons

Supply Nutrients from Blood to neurons

Scavenge cellular debris

Provide myelin sheath

Repair injuries

Control the microenvironment by mopping up ions and neurotransmitters

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20
Q

Aim of Functions of Glia

A

Maintain an optimal environment for neuronal function

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21
Q

Annotation Question

A

RED= astrocyte
GREEN= ependymal cells
BLUE= oligodendrocytes
YELLOW= Schwann cells

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22
Q

Types of glia in the CNS

A

Astrocytes
microglia
oligodendrocytes
ependymal cells

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23
Q

Types of glia in the PNS

A

Schwann cells
satellite cells

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24
Q

Role of astrocytes

A

Deliver nutrients from the blood to neurons and remove waste products.

Control the chemical environment around neurons to regulate metabolism

Control capillary blood flow to modulate the flow of chemicals between blood and neurons.

Repair scarring of neurons

Provide a buffer reserve of fuel for cells (glycogen breaks into glucose)

They also regulate excess K+ homeostasis.

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25
Role of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells
myelinate some axons, allowing faster connections. Provide trophic support to neurons through secretion of neurotrophic factors. Maintain an optimal extracellular environment
26
Microglia
Specialized immune cells that make up the main active immune defense mechanism in the CNS. A particular type of macrophage (special white blood cells) only present in the CNS.
27
Role of microglia
Scavenge cell debris First responders when there is damage to the CNS. The scavenging actions of microglia prevents the build up of toxic waste substances but may also contribute to neurodegeneration. They reorganize their shape by changing their processes, allowing them to scan the local environment to dangers in CNS. Regulate the development of the brain after birth, and in brain plasticity in adulthood.
28
Role of ependymal cells
Line ventricles to form barrier between ventricles and cells Produce CSF Have cilia that direct CSF and influence the distribution of neurotransmitters to neurons. Some ependymal cells can divide and form neurons , allowing neuroregeneration Provide an environment that protects axon stumps from degeneration after damage, allowing alternate neuronal connections to grow and restore function.
29
Role of satellite cells
Found only in the ganglion of the PNS Regulate the external microenvironment Respond to neuronal injuries.
30
Trophic molecules
Aid in the growth and development of other molecules.
31
Tropic hormones
Stimulate glands to make other hormones.
32
Number of axons on a neuron
1
33
Most common + diverse glial cell
Astrocytes
34
Protoplasmic cell location
In the gray matter
35
Fibrous cell location
In the white matter
36
Brain Brain Barrier constituents
A network of tightly packed endothelial cells
37
Astrocyte roles (summary)
Neurogenesis (growth + development of nerve tissue Synaptogenesis (formation of synapses between neurons Immune Response Glial Scars Blood-Brain Barrier Maintain Homeostasis Vasomodulation (the neuronal regulation of blood flow)
38
2 NS divisions
CNS PNS
39
Location of CNS nerves
In the brain and spinal cord
40
Location of PNS nerves
Outside the brain and spinal cord
41
2 PNS divisions
Autonomic NS Somatic NS | The somatic NS
42
ANS neuron location
In deep internal structures (the gut, the heart, the lungs, the blood vessels...)
43
SNS neuron location
More superficially located structures (the skeletal muscles of the body, the eye, the ear...)
44
Afferent neurons
Carry info from periphery to CNS
45
What are efferent neurons?
Carry info from CNS to periphery
46
CNS neuron groups
nuclei or fields
47
PNS neuron groups
ganglia
48
bundles of nerve axons called
Nerve Tracts (or fasciculus)
49
Reason that WM is white
The presence of a fatty substance called myelin
50
What do sequences of nucleus to tracts to nucleus to tracts... create?
Neuronal circuits
51
Functions that SNS controls
Voluntary functions
52
Functions that ANS controls
Involuntary functions
53
Controlled by MN
muscles
54
2 Interneuron types
Local Interneurons Projection (tract) Interneurons
55
Controlled by the Enteric NS
The gastrointestinal tract
56
Interneuron location
Only in the CNS
57
Role of interneurons
Transmit information from one neuron to the next neuron.
58
Distance travelled by local interneurons
Short distances between neurons within the one nucleus)
59
Distance travelled by projection interneurons
Long distances (between neurons located in two different nuclei)
60
Role of neuroendocrine cells
Receive neural input and release hormones into the blood supply to influence distant target organs.
61
Unipolar cell characteristics
A single process and no dendrites
62
Principle type of sensory neuron
Pseudo-unipolar cells
63
Made up of pseudo-unipolar neuron
Sensory ganglia in the PNS
64
Bipolar neuron characteristics
Neurons with two extensions: one axon, and one dendrite, that are mostly sensory neurons
65
Multipolar neuron characteristics
Neurons with one axon and numerous dendrites
66
Where axons extend from
The soma
67
Region with dendrites and soma
Input Region
68
What insulates some axons
A myelin sheath
69
Region with axon hillock/initial segment
The integration region
70
Role of the integration region
It collects all the information that a neuron receives before determining if there is sufficient excitation to relay that excitatory information along the conducting region.
71
Constituents of a cells cytoskeleton
Micro-filaments and neuro-filaments for rigidity, and microtubules for transport
72
Location of axon terminals
Specialized regions called synapses
73
Region with axon
The conducting region
74
Region with axon terminals and synapses
The output region
75
Small protrusions on dendrites
Dendritic spines
76
Role of dendritic spines
Excitatory inputs are provided by other neurons, they are the region through which chemicals flow into the cell when it is activated.
77
The protein that allows dendrites to change shape (elongate and contract)
Actin
78
3 classes of dendritic spines
Thin Mushroom Stubby
79
Thin dendritic spine characteristics
Learning spines: they have been shown to grow when a new task is being learned.
80
Mushroom dendritic spine characteristics
Memory spines they are formed from the thin spines when learned tasks are remembered.
81
Causes of different proportions of dendritic spines
Different stages of life Diseases
82
The effect of alcohol on dendritic spines
decreases dendritic spine density
83
Speed of neuronal transport via bulk flow
very slow
84
The effect of learning on dendritic spines
increases dendritic spine density
85
Role of neuro- and micro-filaments
to provide a framework of structural rigidity
86
Role of microtubules
Transport of nutrients and waste products and the chemical neurotransmitters used to transmit information from the neuron’s terminals to the next cell/s in the chain. (Packages of nutrients or wastes are carried like along a conveyor belt along the outside of the microtubule.)
87
The result of accumulation of organelles and particles in one area of a neuron
swelling of the axon and eventually in disconnection and lesioning of the axon (axotomy) - leading to neuronal death.
88
In myelinated axons, the glial cell wraps itself around a part of the axon and winds itself tighter and tighter by ___
squeezing all its own content out to the outermost winding, so that all the inner windings of the sheath consist only of the cell membrane of the glial cell.
89
Prevented by myelin sheathes, then resulting in faster info flow
Leakage of current
90
The role of a neurons synapse
where neurons contacts other cells to relay information or commands.
91
The gap separating 2 cells
A synaptic cleft
92
Width of the synaptic cleft
approx. 20nm
93
What do neurons use to carry information across the synaptic cleft?
chemical neurotransmitters
94
the presynaptic neuron
The signalling neuron
95
the postsynaptic neuron
The target cell
96
When information is being sent from neuron to cell, what regions are sending and receiving the information?
The pre-synaptic neurons terminals to the post-synaptic neurons receptors
97
Dendrites and soma
Input Region
98
Brain injury can damage this part of neurons
the cytoskeleton
99
Role of neuro- and micro-filaments
to provide a framework of structural rigidity
100
annotation question
ORANGE = axon terminal of pre-synaptic cell (unmyelinated) BLUE = axon of pre=synaptic cell GREE vesicles of neurotransmitter PINK = active zones PURPLE = synaptic cleft TEAL = post-synaptic cell RED = post-synaptic density (receptors)

Neurology (2 decks)

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