CNS Embryogenesis- Reynolds

Question 1

What is the difference between somatic and visceral?

Answer 1

Somatic- innervates skin and skeletal muscle

Visceral- (autonomic) innervates smooth muscle; sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 2

Which part closes first on the neural tube: cranial or caudal?

Answer 2

Caudal

Question 3

Name the primary CNS segments

Answer 3

Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon

Question 4

Name the corresponding structures for :
Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon

Answer 4

Prosencephalon- Forebrain
Mesencephalon- Midbrain
Phombencephalon- Hindbrain

Question 5

What does the Prosencephalon split into?

Answer 5

Telencephalon

Diencephalon

Question 6

Name the corresponding structures for the Telencephalon and the Diencephalon

Answer 6

Telencephalon - Cerebral Hemispheres

Diencephalon - eyes, pituitary, hypothalamus, thymus

Question 7

What does the Mesencephalon split into?

Answer 7

Nothing; does not split

Question 8

Name the corresponding structures for the Mesencephalon

Answer 8

Cerebral aqueduct

Question 9

What does the Rhombencephalon split into?

Answer 9

Metencephalon

Myelencephalon

Question 10

Name the corresponding structures for the Metencephalon and the Myelencephalon

Answer 10

Metencephalon - cerebellum and the pons

Myelencephalon - medulla oblongata

Question 11

What is neurite outgrowth?

Answer 11

When neurons test the environment with filopodia

Question 12

What is hydrocephalus?

Answer 12

When there is too much “water” or cerebral spinal fluid in the brain because of the cerebral aquaduct doesnt function correctly

Question 13

What do the pons do?

Answer 13

Relay signals between the spinal cord and the cortex

Question 14

What does the cerebellum do?

Answer 14

Center for balance and posture

Question 15

What does the medulla oblongata do/

Answer 15

Control center for respiration, heart beat, reflex movements and other functions

Question 16

Describe how peripheral neurons form

Answer 16

Neuroblasts - make up motor neurons from the basal plate
Neural crest cells extend peripherally (cranial) to form dendrites and dorsally to form axons- makes up the sensory neurons
Interneurons form to make the connection between sensory and motor

Question 17

What is Hirschsprung’s Disease?

Answer 17

Neural crest cells do not migrate properly towards the gut

Question 18

What is stabilization in terms of neurons?

Answer 18

The interaction between neuron and target tissue determines connection type and how many

Question 19

Describe the migration of a neural crest cell

Answer 19

Becomes a mesenchymal cell (SEM)

Loses cell adhesion and gains integrins

Question 20

What are the three main divisions of the neural crest?

Answer 20

Cranial - cells migrate before the neural tube closes
Circumpharyngeal- marks pathways for two groups
Trunk - cells migrate after the neural tube closes

Question 21

What does the cranial neural crest give rise to?

Answer 21

Skin, bones, and cartilage in the face

Question 22

What does the circumpharyngeal neural crest give rise to?

Answer 22

Vagal- Gut

Cardiac- vessels of the heart

Question 23

What does the trunk neural crest give rise to?

Answer 23

Dorsolateral- melanocytes
Ventrolateral- sensory ganglia
Ventral- adrenal chromaffin

Question 24

What does the central nervous system consist of?

Answer 24

Brain and spinal cord

Question 25

What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?

Answer 25

Sensory and Motor

Question 26

Describe sensory, motor, and interneurons

Answer 26

Sensory- goes from the receptor to the CNS Motor- goes from the CNS to the receptor Interneuron- goes inbetween sensory and motor in the spinal cord

Question 27

What is the function of neuroglial cells?

Answer 27

Provide nutrients Support Forms myelin Has a role in transmission

Question 28

What are the three integral parts of a synapse?

Answer 28

Presynaptic neuron Synaptic cleft Postsynaptic neuron

Question 29

Where are graded potentials located?

Answer 29

Dendrites

Question 30

Where are action potentials located?

Answer 30

Axon Hillock and Axon

Question 31

Describe astrocytes

Answer 31

Glial cells of the CNS | Help with the blood brain barrier

Question 32

Describe oligodendrocytes

Answer 32

Glial cells of the CNS | Multi-myelinate axons

Question 33

Describe microglia

Answer 33

Glial cells of the CNS | Immune phagocytic cells

Question 34

Describe ependymal

Answer 34

Glial cells of the CNS | Cuboidal cells that secrete cerebral spinal fluid

Question 35

Describe schwann cells

Answer 35

Glial cells of the PNS | Single- myelinate axons

Question 36

Describe satellite cells

Answer 36

Glial cells of the PNS | Surrounds neuronal cells and provides support

Question 37

Which is faster conduction: myelinated or unmyelinated?

Answer 37

Myelinated

Question 38

Which is faster conduction: large or small diameter?

Answer 38

Large

Question 39

What are the three PNS CT coverings?

Answer 39

Endoneurium Perineurium Epineurium

Question 40

What are the three layers of menigial CT?

Answer 40

``` Dura mater (tough mother) Arachinoid (spiders) Pia mater (tender mother) ``` "The tough mother squashed the spider before it got to the wimpy mother"

Question 41

What are ganglia?

Answer 41

A gang of neurons