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C1 Modules > CNS - Embryology > Flashcards

CNS - Embryology Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the nervous system consist of?

A

Central and peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

What does the central nervous system consist of?

A
  1. Brain

2. Spinal cord

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3
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system contain?

A
  1. Cranial and spinal nerve
  2. Ganglia
  3. Plexuses
  4. Sensory receptors
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4
Q

What happens in the first week of human embryology?

A

From ovulation to implantation

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5
Q

What happens following fertilisation?

A

The nervous system begins to form in 3rd week of development: ovulation

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6
Q

What happens during fertilisation?

A
  1. Fallopian tubes
  2. Sperm and egg = zygote
  3. 1st cell of a new Individual
  4. Results from fusion of DNA sperm and egg
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7
Q

Morula

A

96h after fertilization

32 cells raspberry

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8
Q

Late blastocyst

A

5 day after fertilisation

64 cells surrounding a fluid-filled cavity

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9
Q

What is implantation?

A

Fastening of the blastocyst in uterine wall, 7d after fertilisation

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10
Q

Role of Trophoblast

A

Forming outer layer of blastocyst

Which provide nutrient to embryo and develop into large parts of placenta

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11
Q

When does Gastrulation happen?

A

Second week of development

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12
Q

What is Gastrulation?

A

Single layered Blastula reorganises into 3 layered Gastrula

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13
Q

What is outer layer of Gastrulation?

A

Syncytiotrophoblasts

Secrets B-hcg

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14
Q

What happens during Gastrulation?

A

3 distinct germ layers are formed:

  1. Ectoderm
  2. Endoderm
  3. Mesoderm
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15
Q

What are examples of Ectoderm?

A

Outer layer

  1. Skin
  2. Hair
  3. Sweat glands
  4. Epithelium
  5. Brain and nervous system
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16
Q

What are examples of Mesoderm?

A

Middle layer

  1. Body muscles
  2. Cartilage
  3. Bone
  4. Reproductive system organs and kidneys
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17
Q

What are examples of Endoderm?

A

Inner layer

  1. Digestive and respiratory system
  2. Liver
  3. Pancreas
  4. Gall bladder
  5. Thyroid and parathyroid glands
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18
Q

What is Neurulation?

A

The process of folding neural plate and closure of neural tube

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19
Q

What does notochord induce?

A

Ectoderm in dorsal midline to thicken and form neural plate

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20
Q

What happens at the edges of neural plate?

A

The neural fold bend towards each other

Meet dorsally and form neural tube and overlying epidermis

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21
Q

What happens during 3rd and 4th week gestation?

A
  1. Development of early neural tube is initiated by indentation along midline of neural plate forming the neural groove
  2. Deepening of the groove creates the flanking neural fold
  3. Pinched off from overlying ectoderm
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22
Q

What are neural crest cells?

A

A special group of cells break off from the neural fold during formation of neural tube

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23
Q

Where does neural crest cells emerge from?

A

Between neural tube and epidermis

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24
Q

What does progenitor cells of neural tube undergo?

A

Multiple division to form CNS

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25
What are examples of neural crest cells differentiation?
1. Sensory neurons 2. Autonomic ganglion cells 3. Chromaffin cells 4. Schwann cells 5. Melanocytes 6. Connective tissue
26
What are examples of sensory neurons of neural crest cells differentiation?
1. CN V, VII, IX, X | 2. Sensory Ganglia (dorsal root) of spinal nerve
27
What are examples of autonomic ganglion cells of neural crest cells differentiation?
1. Postganglionic neuron of para and pre-vertebral Ganglia sympathetic nervous system 2. Postganglionic neuron of parasympathetic nervous system (visceral organ)
28
What is an example of chromaffin cells?
Adrenal Medulla
29
What is an example of Schwann cells?
Myelin in peripheral nerves
30
What is an example of melanocytes?
Pigment containing cells of the epidermis
31
What is an example of connective tissue
Many of the skeletal and connective tissue components of head
32
What is an example of mesoderm?
1. Smooth muscle cells 2. Osteoblasts/osteoclasts 3. Adipocytes 4. Chondrocytes
33
What are examples of ectoderm?
1. Melanocytes 2. Schwann cells 3. Neurons
34
Where does neural tube closure proceed ?
Both rostrally and caudally
35
If neural tube closure is incomplete caudally
A child is born with spina bifida
36
If closure is incomplete rostrally
The brain will not develop
37
When is the CNS completely enclosed within embryo ?
Embryonic day 28
38
What happens during 5th week of development?
Swellings appear at cranial end of neural tube 3 primitive vesicles appear first Subsequently develop into 5 secondary vesicles
39
What does the primitive vesicles give rise to?
Structures of brain and cerebellum as well as the ventricular system
40
What does the 3 primitive vesicles give rise to?
1. Forebrain 2. Midbrain 3. Hindbrain
41
What does the prosencephalon divide into?
3 parts Two-part Telencephalon and Diencephalon
42
Where does the paired telencephalic vesicles bulge out from?
Laterally from midline diencephalon
43
What are examples of Telencephalon?
1. Cerebrum 2. Cerebral hemisphere (cortex, white matter, basal nucleus) Location: lateral ventricles
44
What are examples of Diencephalon?
1. Thalamus 2. Hypothalamus 3. Epithalamus 4. Retina Location: 3rd ventricle
45
What are examples of mesencephalon?
Midbrain 1. Brainstem 2. Cerebral aqueduct Lumen: cerebral aqueduct
46
What is the hindbrain named?
Rhombencephalon
47
What does the Rhombencephalon divide into?
1. More rostrally metencephalon | 2. More caudal myelencephalon
48
What does the lumen of hindbrain become?
4th ventricle
49
What are the divisions of hindbrain?
1. Metencephalon | 2. Myelencephalon
50
What are examples of metencephalon?
1. Brainstem: pons, cerebellum
51
What are examples of myelencephalon?
1. Brainstem: Medulla oblongata | 2. Spinal cord: central canal
52
What are the cranial nerve of forebrain?
1. Telencephalon - olfactory (I) | 2. Diencephalon - optic (II)
53
What are the cranial nerves of mesencephalon?
CN III + IV
54
What are the cranial nerves for metencephalon and myelencephalon?
1. Metencephalon - Trigeminal (V) | 2. Myelencephalon - CN VI -XI
55
What develops to form the spinal cord?
The caudal end
56
What forms the brain and cerebellum?
The cranial end of neural tube
57
What becomes the dorsal horn (sensory)?
Cells on the dorsal side from alar plate
58
What becomes the central horn (motor)?
Cells on the central end from basal plate
59
What are the 3 zones that the CNS is composed of?
1. Ventricular zone 2. Intermediate zone 3. Marginal zone
60
What is the ventricular zone?
Site where mitosis occurs
61
What is the intermediate zone?
Cellular area that contains post mitotic neuron and forms CNS gray matter
62
What is the marginal zone?
Axonal region that becomes CNS white matter
63
What does the dorsal spinal cord primarily contain?
Neurons relation to sensory function while motor neurons reside in the central spinal cord
64
Where are dorsal root Ganglia derived from?
Neural crest cells and are part of peripheral nervous system
65
What are the stem cell that proliferate in ventricular zone of neural tube?
1. Neurons | 2. Glial cells
66
What is the growth phase in neural tube (G1)?
The newly divided cells begin by extending a narrow cyclinder of cytoplasm to the outer surface of neural tube at the pia mater The nucleus and cytoplasm surrounding it then move through this cyclinder toward the outer surface
67
What is the DNA synthesis phase in neural tube?
The nucleus approaches the outer surface and starts to replicate its DNA
68
What is the mitosis preparation phase (G2) in neural tube?
Nucleus migrate back toward central canal of neural tube while cell continues to develop
69
What does the central nervous system progenitor cell have?
Processes attached to both inner and outer surfaces of neural tube
70
When are neurons generated?
Before glial cells
71
What are the human embryo spinal cord?
Mantle layer (Intermediaye layer): grey matter Marginal layer: white matter Alar plate: sensory Basal plate: motor
72
What does sulcus limitan separate?
Alar plate from basal plate
73
Where does motor nuclei developing from basal plate lie?
Centrally near midline
74
Where does sensory nuclei arising from alar plate lie?
More laterally and dorsally
75
What does Ancephaly result from?
Failure of neural tube to close at cephalic end, leading to partial absence of brain and skull
76
What does Spina bifida result from?
Incomplete closure of neural tube at caudal end (most commonly in lumbar region)
77
What are the 3 main types of Spina bifida?
1. Spina bifida occutta (malformation of the spine) 2. Meningocele (protective membrane around spinal cord push out through spine) 3. Myelomeningocele (defect of backbone and spinal cord)
78
What are factors that increase the risk of Spina bifida?
1. Low folic acid intake during pregnancy 2. Family history of Spina bifida 3. Medication (e.g. valproate and carbamazepine) 4. Genetic conditions - occur alongside Patau’s syndrome, Edward’s syndrome or Down syndrome
79
What is Spina Bifida occulta?
1. Mildest form 2. Incomplete closure of vertebrae, without protrusion of spinal cord 3. Discovery is often incidental
80
What is meningocele?
Meningeal cyst 1. Least common form 2. Meninges protrude between vertebrae posteriorly, but spinal cord is undamaged
81
What is myelomeningocele?
1. Most severe form 2. Portion of spinal cord remains infused and protrude posteriorly through opening between vertebrae’s in a sac formed by meninges 3. Associates with severe disability
82
What are the many disabilities with myelomeningocele?
1. Paralysis 2. Difficulty with bowel and bladder control 3. Chiari II malformation 4. Hydrocephalus (excessive fluid in brain) 5. Developmental delay
83
What is used to treat hydrocephalus?
Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt
84
What is considered to be a treatment option for some cases of myelomeningocele?
Fetal surgery
85
What happens during the 5th week of embryonic development?
The neural tube begins to bend and fold
86
What happens as the forebrain expand rapidly?
The skull restricts further anterior growth and thus forebrain grows posteriorly
87
What does the expanding cerebral hemisphere eventually cover?
Diencephalon and much of the brainstem
88
What forms the characteristic grooves and ridges?
The smooth surface of cerebral cortex gradually fold inward
89
Where does the neural tube bend?
1. Midbrain 2. Pontine 3. Cervical flexure and continue
90
What does space constraint in skull cause?
Majority of growing brain to be displaced posteriorly over brainstem
91
What does synaptic pruning allow?
Unused synapses to be eliminated

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