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CNS Exam 1 PCC Torgerud > CNS Exam 1 > Flashcards

CNS Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The nervous system plays the dominant role in ____,____, and ____ of body responses to internal and external demand.

A

coordination, association, and integration

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2
Q

Of all body systems, the ___ reigns supreme

A

CNS

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3
Q

Mature nervous tissue has ___ capacity to store ___ or ____(glucose) and it maintains little ____ capacity.

A

little capacity to store oxygen or sugar and it maintains little mitotic capacity

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4
Q

Every cell or tissue of our body is indirectly/directly “wired” into the nervous system

A

Directly

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5
Q

modern term for studies of the nervous system

A

neuroscience

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6
Q

study of structure

A

neuroanatomy

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7
Q

The nervous system is divided by structure or anatomically divided into 2 divisions. What are those divisions?

A

CNS and PNS

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8
Q

The CNS/PNS is entirely surrounded by bone

A

CNS

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9
Q

The CNS consists of

A 
Brain (encephalon)
Spinal cord (medulla spinalis)
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10
Q

The PNS consists of

A

12 cranial nerve pairs
31 spinal nerve pairs
totaling 86 nerve trunks
ganglia- groups of neuron cell bodies clustered together in the PNS

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11
Q

groups of neuron cell bodies clustered together in the PNS

A

ganglia

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12
Q

The Nervous system is divided by function. This is divided into what subdivisions?

A

Autonomic and Somatic

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13
Q

Part of the nervous system that innervates the skeletal musculature

A

Somatic N.S.

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14
Q

“voluntary component” is a frequently used synonym

A

Somatic N.S.

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15
Q

Includes both efferent (motor/outgoing) and afferent (incoming/sensory) nerve fibers, even though the efferent or motor oriented fibers receive the most emphasis

A

Somatic N.S.

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16
Q

Involves both the CNS and PNS

A

Somatic N.S. and Autonomic N.S.

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17
Q

This chemical is released in the Somatic N.S. and appears to be excitatory

A

acetylcholine (cholinergic)

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18
Q

The Autonomic (visceral) component of the N.S. has three subdivisions. Those divisions are?

A

Parasympathetic, sympathetic, and enteric systems

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19
Q

This is part of the N.S. that innervates the glandular epithelium, smooth, and cardiac musculature

A

Autonomic N.S.

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20
Q

No conscious control over which system

A

autonomic or involuntary N.S.

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21
Q

The efferent (motor) nerve fibers receive emphasis and are the only ones subdivide into parasympathetic and sympathetic subdivisions. This Schema will contain two efferent nerves.

A

Autonomic N.S.

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22
Q

subdivision of the visceral component of the N.S. (rest and digest

A

Parasympathetic

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23
Q

Neurons that are part of the parasympathetic subdivision are located in____.

A

both the CNS and PNS

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24
Q

The nerves(PNS) that carry efferent parasympathetic fibers are limited to:

A

cranial nerves III, VII,IX,X
Sacral Nerves 2,3,4
known as a Craniosacral subdivision

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25
___ efferent neurons are utilized to reach the gland cell or muscle cell involved. The __(first) neuron is long and the ___ (second) neuron is short
2 preganglionic postganglionic
26
Preganglionic and Post Ganglionic Parasympathetic Neurons release
Acetylcholine (said to be a cholinergic system)
27
subdivision of the visceral component of the N.S. (fight or flight)
sympathetic
28
Neurons that are part of the sympathetic subdivision are located in ___. But the nerves(PNS) that carry sympathetic efferent fibers are spinal nerves ___ through and including___.
CNS and PNS | T1-L2 and L3 (thoracolumbar)
29
__ neurons are utilized in reaching the gland cells or muscle cells involved. Generally the __ is short and the __ is longer
2 preganglionic neuron postganglionic neuron
30
Preganglionic neurons release __ while postganlionic sympathetic neurons release __.
ACH | norepinephrine
31
The Sympathetic N.S. is said to be __. Exceptions where __ is released at the target are known: ___, and ___)
Adrenergic system ACH Sweat Glands and Arrector Pili Muscles
32
Parasympathetic __ heart rate/__ peristalsis,__ the pupil/ __ the respiratory tree. Pre-Post ganglionic neurons _:_
slows/speeds/constricts/constricts 1:2
33
Sympathetic __heart rate/___peristalsis,__ the pupil/__respiratory tree. Pre-Post ganglionic neurons_:_
speeds/decreases/dilates/dilates 1:17
34
___ response(pre-post ganglionic ratio) is limited but generally more precise
parasympathetic
35
In general, the ___ are more comprehensible. This is primarily due to their __ and, in many cases, exclusive influence on the body's blood vessels
sympathetics | extensive
36
There is ___ N.S.
one
37
subdivision of the autonomic nervous system supplies the gut
enteric
38
runs along the gut wall from esophagus to anal verges. Best known of its actions are on ___ reflexes. At least a couple dozen neuromodulators and transmitters are involved
Enteric | Peristaltic
39
A fertilized egg
zygote
40
Half the number of chromosomes
Haploid
41
2 sets of chromosomes
Diploid
42
Week 1 (pre-embryonic stage) consists of
Morula, blastocyst, inner and outer cell mass
43
The nervous system is derived from which germ layer
ectoderm
44
Bilaminar disk is composed of
Ectoderm and endoderm
45
Week 2 of the embryology of the CNS consist of
bilaminar disc, primitive streak (node, pit, groove), mesoderm formation
46
The Neural Tube will form what in the CNS
spinal cord
47
Week 3 of the embryology of the CNS consists of
Notochord formation, induction of the nervous system, neural plate, neural crest and tube
48
the Neural crest and neural tube give rise to the 3 primary brain vesicles which are
prosencephalon (forebrain) Mesencephalon ( midbrain) Rhombencephalon (hindbrain) two flexures(cervical and cephalic)
49
The Prosencephalon gives rise to what
Telencephalon and Diencephalon (Ti De is a pro) Week 4
50
The Mesencephalon gives rise to what
Mescencephalon | Week 4
51
The Rhombencephalon gives rise to what
metencephalon and myelencephalon week 4 (pontine flexure)
52
The telencephalon gives rise to what
``` Cerebral cortex basal ganglia lateral ventricles (snoop dogs tells he's from L.B.C.) Week 5-6 ```
53
The Diencephalon gives rise to what
``` Thalamus hypothalamus pineal gland 3rd ventricle Week 5-6 ```
54
The mesencephalon gives rise to what
``` corpora quadrigemina cerebral peduncles cerebral aqueduct (of sylvius) (mes stays mes 3 c's) Weeks 5-6 ```
55
The Metencephalon gives rise to what
cerebellum pons 4th ventricle weeks 5-6
56
the myelencephalon gives rise to what
medulla oblongata 4th ventricle (continuous with the spinal cord) Weeks 5-6
57
brain at birth is __% of body weight (300-400g) | uses __% of oxygen
10 | 60
58
Brain in adult is __% body weight (1100-1700g avg1400) | uses _% oxygen
2-2.5 | 20
59
from birth to one year old the brain will more than __ in size. (2-1/2 to 3 fold increase). Outer cranial circumference will change from an average of __cm to __cm. Neurons particularly in the __, are still being produced during this critical period.
double 34 to 46 cerebellum
60
by this week the embryo can respond to cutaneous stimuli
8th week
61
by this week the fetus is spontaneously active
10th week
62
by this week the fetus can grasp (this is a reflex)
12th week
63
Neural tube cells give rise to what
CNS structures
64
Neuroepithealial cells (primitive-multipotentials) give rise to what
neuroblasts--> neurons Ependymal cells Glioblasts (spongioblasts) --> astrocytes and oliogodendrocytes
65
"nerve glue"
Glioblast cells
66
still fairly undifferentiated cells. Can undergo mitosis (probably little division beyond 5 years of life). Give rise to astrocytes and oligodendrocytes.
Glioblast cells
67
are the functional connective tissue of the CNS. Some of these cells help guide neurons to their proper positions during early embryonic, fetal, and neonatal development.
Glioblasts and its derivatives
68
It is estimated that in total there are _ to __ as many glioblast derivatives as neurons in the adult human brain
five to ten times (astrocytes and oligodendrocytes)
69
Stellate Shape
Astrocytes
70
the most numerous cell of the adult CNS
Astrocytes
71
two types of Astrocytes
protoplasmic astrocytes and fibrous astrocytes
72
type of astrocyte that is found in the grey matter and is unmyelinated
protoplasmic astrocyte
73
type of astrocyte that is found in the white matter and is myelinated
fibrous astrocyte
74
Are rather ubiquitous structural support cells (a connective tissue-like function). Found sandwhiched between blood Bessel capillaries and neuron cell bodies. Said to be apart of the BBB. Suspected to store what little excess glucose can be held by the CNS tissue. Play a dominant role in forming "scar-like" tissue following CNS injury. Neurotransmitters (Glutamate, dopamine, serotonin) may be directly influenced at these synaptic gaps. Even ions such as K+ may be altered.
Astrocytes
75
Fewer in number than astrocytes but still quite numerous
oligodendrocytes
76
Two types of oligodendrocytes
Perineuronal satellites | Interfascicular
77
type of oligodendrocyte that has a nutrient role in the CNS and is found in the grey matter
Perineuronal satellites
78
type of oligodendrocyte that forms myelin around axons in the CNS and is found in the white matter
interfascicular
79
Main function is to form myelin sheaths around most CNS neuron axons
interfascicular
80
Main function are unclear but may serve a type of nutrient role in the CNS
Perineuronal

CNS Exam 1 PCC Torgerud (1 decks)

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