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Physiology > CNS General Overview and Control of Voluntary Movement 1 > Flashcards

CNS General Overview and Control of Voluntary Movement 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the central nervous system?

A

the brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A

nervous tissue outside of the brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

innervation of skeletal muscle

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4
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

innervation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, and adipose tissue

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5
Q

What is the afferent pathway?

A

sensory

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6
Q

What is the efferent pathway?

A

motor

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7
Q

What is the thalamus a part of?

A

the diencephalon

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8
Q

What is required for almost all cortical activity?

A

thalamic excitation of the cerebral cortex

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9
Q

Is the thalamus involved in the efferent or afferent pathway?

A

both

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10
Q

What is the path of sensory neurons in the spinal cord?

A

enter via the dorsal root then synapse with interneurons and/or motor neurons in the gray matter

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11
Q

What is the path of motor neurons in the spinal cord?

A

exit the spinal cord via the ventral root to go to effectors

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12
Q

Where are the ascending sensory axons found?

A

in the dorsal columns and spinothalamic tracts

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13
Q

Where the descending motor axons found?

A

the corticospinal tract

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14
Q

What are the lobes of the cerebrum?

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital

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15
Q

What do the primary areas of the cerebrum do?

A

part of the brain that perceives the information

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16
Q

What do the association areas of the cerebrum do?

A

receive and analyze signals from multiple regions of both sensory and motor coritces

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17
Q

What are the specialized areas of the frontal lobe?

A

premotor and primary motor cortex, prefrontal cortex, and Broca’s area

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18
Q

What are the specialized areas of the parietal lobe?

A

primary sensory cortex and the primary gustatory cortex

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19
Q

What are the specialized areas of the temporal lobe?

A

primary auditory cortex, primary olfactory cortex, and wernicke’s area

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20
Q

What are the specialized areas of the occipital lobe?

A

primary visual cortex

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21
Q

Which side of the brain is most commonly the dominant side?

A

left

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22
Q

What makes the side of the brain dominant?

A

which side contains Wernicke’s and broca’s areas

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23
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

the outer surface of the cerebrum, gray matter, contains neuron cell bodies

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24
Q

What does the corpus callosum do?

A

allows for information stored in one hemisphere available to the opposite hemisphere

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25
Q

What would happen if the corpus callosum was severed?

A

prevent somatic and visual information from the right side from reaching the general interpretive area used for decision making

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26
Q

What lobe of the cerebral cortex would be associated with the paresthesias of an impaired ability to localized or measure the intensity of painful stimuli or impaired perception of various forms of cutaneous sensation?

A

parietal

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27
Q

What lobe of the cerebral cortex would be associated with visual hallucinations as flashes of light, rainbows, brilliant stars, or bright lines?

A

occipital

28
Q

What lobe of the cerebral cortex would be associated with buzzing and roaring sensations and/or mild hearing loss?

A

temporal

29
Q

What lobe of the cerebral cortex would be associated with seizures that begin as focal twitching and spread contralateral flaccid paresis or paralysis?

A

frontal

30
Q

What does the prefrontal association area help do?

A

decrease aggression and inappropriate social responses, ability to progress toward goals or to carry through sequential thoughts, keep track of many pieces of information simultaneously and recall information as needed

31
Q

What does Broca’s area do?

A

helps in the production of speech

32
Q

What does Wernicke’s do?

A

interpretation of spoken and written language

33
Q

What is the basal nuclei?

A

neuron cell bodies that are associated with the cerebrum

34
Q

What makes up the basal nuclei?

A

caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, and subthalamic nucleus

35
Q

What are the two pathways the basal nuclei forms?

A

direct and indirect

36
Q

What is the direct pathway of the basal nuclei?

A

increases cortical excitation and promotes movement

37
Q

What is the indirect pathway of the basal nuclei?

A

inhibits the cortical activity and inhibits movement

38
Q

What do disorders of basal nuclei cause?

A

movement disorders- dyskinesias

39
Q

What are hypokinetic disorders?

A

due to damage in the direct pathway
-Parkinsons

40
Q

What are hyperkinetic disorders?

A

due to damage in the indirect pathway
-Huntingtons

41
Q

What are the parts of the diencephalon?

A

-thalamus
-hypothalamus
-epithalamus
-subthalamus

42
Q

What does the thalamus do?

A

sensory relay for information of the cerebral cortex
-motor control pathways also synapse in the thalamus

43
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

involved in maintaining homeostasis
-impacts the autonomic, endocrine, and limbic systems

44
Q

What does the epithalamus do?

A

contains the pineal body that aids in the regulation of circadian rhythm

45
Q

What does the subthalamus do?

A

involved in the basal nuclei and control of voluntary movement

46
Q

What does damage of the subthalamus cause?

A

hemiballismus
-contralateral flinging movement of one or both extremities

47
Q

What makes up the limbic system?

A

cortical and diencephalic structures found on the medial aspect of each hemisphere
-involved in emotion (fear, anxiety, and happiness)

48
Q

What is the central structure in mediating the fear response?

A

the amygdala

49
Q

What causes the activation of sympathetic nervous system?

A

output of the amygdala to the hypothalamus

50
Q

What is involved in memory processing?

A

hippocampus

51
Q

What is found in the midbrain?

A

substantia nigra, red nucleus, superior and inferior colliculi, nuclei of reticular formation, and periaqueductal gray region

52
Q

What is the superior and inferior colliculi involved in?

A

tectospinal tract that causes head turning in response to sudden visual or auditory stimuli

53
Q

What is the periaqueductal gray region involved in ?

A

the descending pathway that modulates pain transmission by inhibition of primary afferent transmission in the dorsal horn
(help with pain suppression)

54
Q

What do the PAG neurons activate?

A

neurons in the nucleus raphe magnus and rostral ventromedial medulla that project into spinal cord where they release serotonin and norepinephrine

55
Q

What are the parts of the pons?

A

pneumotaxic center, nuclei of reticular formation, vestibular nuclei, and swallowing center

56
Q

What does the pneumotaxic center do?

A

regulates centers in the medulla
-activation limits inspiration time and increases respiration rate

57
Q

What is the cerebellum involved in?

A

motor control of posture, muscle tone and learning of repeating motor functions

58
Q

What do diseases of the cerebellum cause?

A

alterations in gait, balance an coordination of motor activities (not paralysis)

59
Q

Where is the medulla oblongata?

A

most inferior portion of the brainstem
-continuous with the spinal cord

60
Q

What is included in the medulla oblongata?

A

-autonomic control centers (CV, respiratory, swallowing, vomiting)
-Nucleus raphe magnus
-rostral ventromedial medulla
-medullary reticular nuclei
-pyramids
-nuclei for the reticular formation

61
Q

What does the nucleus raphe magnus release?

A

serotonin

62
Q

What does the rostral ventromedial medulla release?

A

norepinephrine

63
Q

What are the nucleus raphe magnus and the rostral ventromedal medulla involved in?

A

EAS
-endogenous analgesia system?

64
Q

What does the reticular excitatory activating system (RAS) do?

A

activate the cortex via the thalamus
-pain signals increase the activity of the excitatory area
-ACH is one of the NT

65
Q

What maintains consciousness?

A

normal function of RAS above the mid pons and its bilateral projections. to the thalamus and cerebral hemispheres

66
Q

What can cause a coma?

A

lesions that affect either the RAS or both cerebral hemisphere

Physiology (15 decks)

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