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Pharmacology > CNS inhibitors - hypnotics, sedatives, anxiolytics and antipsychotics > Flashcards

CNS inhibitors - hypnotics, sedatives, anxiolytics and antipsychotics Flashcards

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1
Q

What are psychotropic drugs?

A

Drugs of various origins that have the ability to restore disturbed mental functions - attention, learning and memory, perception, mood and emotions, thinking

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2
Q

What are the two main categories of psychotropic drugs?

A

Depriving

Excitating

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3
Q

What action do depriving psychotropic drugs have?

A

Inhibitory, depressing action

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4
Q

Give 4 types of depriving drugs

A

Sedatives
Tranquilisers
Neuroleptics
Normotimics

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5
Q

What action do excitating psychotropic drugs have?

A

Activating, stimulating type of action

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6
Q

Give four examples of excitating drugs

A

Antidepressants
Nootropics
Psychostimulants
Adaptogens

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7
Q

Are sedative drugs selective or non-selective?

A

The are non-selective increasing inhibition processes and decreasing excitation processes in all brain structures

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8
Q

What is the action of sedative drugs?

A

Elimination of emotional instability and excessive reactions to external irritants

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9
Q

Give side effects of sedative drugs

A

They cause sleepiness and reduce working ability

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10
Q

What are contraindications for sedatives?

A

Contraindicated for drivers and operators

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11
Q

Give synonyms for tranquilizative drugs

A

Anxiolytic
Ataractic
Antiphobic

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12
Q

What is the action of tranquilizative drugs?

A

Elimination of negative emotions such as internal tension, anxiety, fear etc

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13
Q

What are the indications for tranquilizers?

A

They are needed to restore working ability and emotional comfort after stress and elimination of hypochondria.
Insomnia

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14
Q

Give a side effect of tranquilizers

A

Psychic dependence

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15
Q

Give a synonym for neuroleptic drugs

A

Antipsychotics

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16
Q

What are the actions of neuroleptics?

A

Elimination of delirium, hallucinations and restoring of the critical attitude to them

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17
Q

Give some indications of neuroleptics

A

Schizophrenia
Mania
Alcohol delirium

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18
Q

What is the origin of bromides?

A

Artificial

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19
Q

How do bromides function as sedatives

A

Enhance and concentrate processes of inhibition in the brain cortex

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20
Q

How do agents obtained from plants function as sedatives?

A

Decrease the processes of stimulation in the CNS

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21
Q

What is anxiety in a medical context?

A

Anxiety is an unpleasant state of tension, apprehension or uneasiness - a fear that seems to arise from an unknown source

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22
Q

What are the most common mental disturbances?

A

Disorders involving anxiety

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23
Q

Describe the symptoms of severe anxiety

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A

Similar to the symptoms of fear such as sweating, palpitations, tachycardia and trembling. This is due to sympathetic activation.

24
Q

What effect can tranquilizers have on the body?

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A

Relaxation of muscles

25
Give four classes of tranquilizers based on mechanism of action
Agonists of benzodiazepine receptors Antagonists of benzodiazepine receptors Agonists of serotonin receptors Blockers of the central M - cholinoreceptors
26
What is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system
GABA
27
What is the GABA-A receptor composed of?
2 alpha subunits, 2 beta subunits and one gamma subunit
28
How is the GABA receptor activateed?
Two GABA molecules bind to the alpha subunits of the receptor
29
What happens once the receptor is activated?
Negatively charged ions are allowed into the cytoplasm, which results in hyperpolarisation and the inhibition of neurotransmission
30
What is the general action of barbiturates?
Central nervous system depressant
31
What are the indications for the use of barbiturates?
Anxiety | Insomnia
32
Name some side effects of barbiturates
Dependence Overdose Foetal dependence
33
Name some contraindications for barbituates?
Elderly patients | Pregnant women
34
What is the mechanism of action of barbiturates?
Binding to GABA receptors
35
Give the actions of tranquilisers
``` Tranquilising Sedative Hypnotic Central myorelaxation and inhibition of movement coordination Anticonvulsant Anterograde amnesia ```
36
Give 4 therapeutic uses of tranquilisers
Anxiety disorders Sleep disorders Seizures Muscular disorders
37
What are the two categories of types of adverse effects of benzodiazepines?
``` Lack of tolerance Physical dependence ( rebound withdrawal effects) ```
38
What might cause a person to be intolerant of benodiazepines?
``` Sedation Memory impairment Lack of concentration Motor incoordination Muscle weakness Acute confusional state ```
39
What rebound withdrawal effects might a patient experience upon stopping a benzodiazepine
``` Insomnia Anxiety Apprehension Irritability Palpitations, tremor, vertigo, sweating ```
40
What are the indications for neuroleptic drugs?
Schizophrenia Manic states Delirium (psychotic states in general)
41
What is schizophrenia?
A debilitating mental illness characterised by disturbances in thinking, emotional reactions and behaviour
42
What are the main symptoms of schizophrenia?
Hallucinations Delusions Cognitive disturbances
43
What is the impact of schizophrenia on a patient's life?
Persistent impairment in a patient's social functioning and productivity. Patients are often under medical care for the rest o their lives
44
Define psychosis
Psychosis is a deep painful disorder of the psyche manifested in an inadequate reflection o the real world (consciousness) with behavioural disturbances, changes in mental activity (thinking, emotions, learning, memory) and accompanied by hallucinations, delusions, and psychomotor disorders.
45
Is there any heritability to schizophrenia?
There is a strong genetic component to schizophrenia but even identical twins are not 100% concordant so there is a large environmental component
46
What is the mechanism of action of neuroleptics?
``` Blockage of D2-Dopamine receptors Blockage of H1-Histamine receptors Blockage of Alpha1-Adrenoceptors Blockage of 5-HT-Receptors Blockage of M-Cholinoreceptors ```
47
What areas of the CNS do neuroleptics affect by blocking D2-Dopamine receptors?
Mesolimbic and mesocortical systems Hypothalamus - hypophysis Extrapyramidal system Trigger zone of vomitive centre
48
How do neuroleptics affect the mesolimbic and mesocortical systems?
Antipsychotic effect Emotional indifferency Depression
49
How do neuroleptics affect the hypothalamus (hypophysis)?
Decreasing of body temperature | Galactorrhea (increase in prolactin production)
50
How do neuroleptics affect the extrapyramidal system?
Symptomathetic parkinsonis, late (tardive) dyskinesia
51
How do neuroleptics affect the trigger zone of the vomitive centre?
Anti-vomitive effect
52
What effect do neuroleptics have by blocking H1-Histamine receptors?
Sedative effect | Anti-vomitive effect
53
What effect do neuroleptics have by blocking Alpha1-Adrenoceptors?
Dilatation of blood vessels - decrease of blood pressure - orthostatic collapse
54
What effect do neuroleptics have by blocking 5-HT-Receptors?
Bulemia - increasing of appetite - increasing of body weight
55
What effect do neuroleptics have by blocking M-Cholinoreceptors?
Increase of intraocular pressure Decrease of gland secretion Relaxation of smooth muscles, constipation Decreasing of extrapyramidal side effects

Pharmacology (4 decks)

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