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1112 Neuro > CNS Injury 1 > Flashcards

CNS Injury 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Trauma is the leading cause of death to age…

A

45

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2
Q

What percent of deaths from trauma are due to head injury

A

33

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3
Q

what percent of head injury deaths occur prior to hospitalization

A

66

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4
Q

What is key in CNS trauma? Caring for?

A

PRIMARY PREVENTION

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5
Q

Peak age groups for CNS trauma

A

24-35

Male:Female 2:1

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6
Q

Causes of TBI - 5 leading in descending order

A 
Falls
Unknown / Other
Struck by / Against
Motor Vehicle / traffic
Assaults
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7
Q

Ways to hurt your cerebrum

A

Contact phenomenon
Acceleration (Translational / Rotational)
Penetrating
Secondary to hypoxia/hypotension

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8
Q

Consequences of Contact phenomena (objects striking the head)

A

scalp laceration
subgaleal hematomas (between periosteum and aponeurosis)
skull fractures
epidural hematomas

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9
Q

Skull fractures are usually a consequence of

A

contact phenomena

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10
Q

Types of skull fractures (4)

A

linear
depressed
basilar
growing

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11
Q

Prognosis for basilar skull fractures

A

no independent prognosis other than mechanism and velocity of impact

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12
Q

Which skull fracture is associated with CSF leak (inparticular)

A

Basilar

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13
Q

Signs of skull base fracture (7)

A 
CSF rhinorrhoea
Bilateral periorbital hematomas
Subconjunctival haemorrhage
Bleeding from external auditory meatus
CSF otorrhoea
Battle's sign (behind ears - may take longer to develop)
Facial nerve palsy
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14
Q

Cause of epidural hematomas?

A

Contact phenomena (associated with skull fractures)

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15
Q

Classic “lucid interval” is associated with which type of cerebral injury

A

epidural hematoma

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16
Q

Do epidural hematomas have a low or high mortality rate?

A

low

17
Q

Translational injury - results from?

A

results from head movement in a single plane the instant after impact - falls, restrained occupants, starred windshields)

18
Q

Translational head injury - results in

A

stretching and tearing of veins between the brain and dura (subdural hematoma) and bruising of the brain as it impacts the skull (contusion)

19
Q

Cerebral contusions result from

A

acceleration (Translational) injury

20
Q

which brain regions usually are impacted by cerebral contusions?

A

frontal and temporal

21
Q

what may be consequence of cerebral contusions

A

may result in swelling, brain shift, increased intracranial pressure, herniation

22
Q

do cerebral contusions have high or low mortality?

A

low

23
Q

What are coup and countercoup injuries and what are they associated with?

A

blunt trauma
Coup = impact against object - direct trauma to brain at site of impact –> leads to shearing of subdural veins and trauma to base of brain
Countercoup = impact within skull - brain hitting opposite side of brain from trauma (rebound) –> leads to shearing forces through the brain

Both injuries occur in one continuous moition - the head strkes the wall (coup) then rebounds (contre-coup)

24
Q

Subdural hematoma - due to

A

acceleration injury - translational

25
Q

What happens in a subdural hematoma - pathologically

A

rupture of bridging veins in subdural space

26
Q

Subdural hematomas are associated with

A

brain contusions

27
Q

do subdural hematomas have a high mortality rate?

A

yes

28
Q

from which veins do subdural hematomas usually arise?

A

bridging

29
Q

when are bridging veins more susceptible to tearing

A

when there is cortical atrophy

30
Q

Rotational injury results from?

A

Head moving in more than one plane - motor vehicle ejection / motorcycle accident / auto-pedestrian

31
Q

Rotational injury result in -

A

microscopic tearing of the nerve cells in the brain - no recognizable injury detected without microscope
DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY
Axonal spheroids - Retraction Balls

1112 Neuro (2 decks)

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