CNS Neurotransmitters

Question 1

Divide up by molecular structure for neurotransmitter

What are the categories of neurotransmitter

Answer 1

Amino acid neurotransmitter - amino group and carboxylic acid group
Peptide neurotransmitters - polymers or chains of amino acids
Monoamine neurotransmitters / biogenic amines - organic molecules with amino groups corrected to aeromatic group - these are connected by 2 carbon chain some are also called catecholamines (subgroup) these have a catcehol group as have benzene ring and hydroxyl group
Many other types of neurotransmitters

Question 2

Examples of aa neurotransmitters

Answer 2

Glutamate , Gamma anime neutering acid GABA , and glycine

Question 3

Glutamate

Answer 3

Most exciting causing depolarisation

Question 4

Most common inhibitory neurtanimitor causing hyperpolarisiton

Answer 4

GABA - in brain inhibitory

Glycine - in the spinal cord inhibitory

Question 5

Example of monoamines

Answer 5

Serotonin 
Histamine 
Dopamine 
Epinephrine 
Norepinephrine

Question 6

3 catecholamines

Answer 6

Dopamine

Epjnephiner and norepinephrine

Question 7

What do monoamines do

Answer 7

Control attention , cognition and emotion

Many autoimmune conditions arise from these
NA - autonomic

Question 8

Example of peptides

Answer 8

Opioid - endorphin - perception of pain

Pain medications affect these

Question 9

Other neurotransmitters

Answer 9

Acetylcholine - function in both CNS and peripheral in ANS and released by motor neurones that synapse on skeletal muscles

Question 10

criteria for accepting a substance as atransmitter

Answer 10

1. synthesized in the neuron,
2. released in sufficient quantity to elicit a response
3. Mechanisms for removal or inactivation of the neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft must exist
4. It should mimic the action of the endogenously released neurotransmitter when administered exogenously at or near a synapse.

Question 11

examples of excitatory aa neurotransmitters

Answer 11

glutamate and aspartate

Question 12

examples of inhibitory aa neurotransmitters

Answer 12

GABA and glycine

Question 13

example of biogenic amines neurotransmitters

Answer 13

catecholamines - the 3
indoleamines - serotonin
imidazole amines - histamine

Question 14

example of purines

Answer 14

ATP

adenosine

Question 15

opioid peptides are neuropeptides examples

Answer 15

b-endorphin

Question 16

example of a gaseous neurotransmitter

Answer 16

NO

Question 17

small molecule neurotransmitter start are RER then synthetic enzymes to golgi and axonal transport to neurotransmitter along with precursor formed from last neurotransmitter enters vesicle and exocytosis and calcium influx
what happens for neuropeptides

Answer 17

RER- propertied and enzymes containing vesicles - golgi - axonal transport via microtubules - cleavage and propeptide to smaller peptide neurotransmitter and excytosis

Question 18

neurotransmitters receptors are either what

Answer 18

ionotrophic - ligand - charged ions either positively or negatively charged move in or out of cell

metabotrophic - G protein coupled
these activate other itnraceullar signalling cascades
activate ion channels

Question 19

glutamate is an excitatory transmitter and uses both receptors ( NMDA, AMPA and mGluRs) how is it cleared and what is its physiological effect

Answer 19

memory formation
glutamate synthesis reuptake and diffusion
via glial cells

Question 20

serotonin is either excitatory or inhibitory and uses GPCR what receptor, what physiological effect and clearance

Answer 20

5-HT

mood regulaiton

reuptake in pre synaptic by SERT and diffusion

Question 21

GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter except in early development. is receptors are GABAa ( ionotrophic) and GABAb ( metabotrophic ) what physiological effect and clearance

Answer 21

decreased CNS activity

glutamien synthase reuptake

Question 22

ACH uses nicotinic and muscarinic receptors and is predominantly excitatory what is its physiological role and clearance

Answer 22

memory formation

ACHE breakdown - choline and acetate , choline and sodium transporter goes back in
glial cell takes the acetate

Question 23

dopamine has receptors D1-5 and GPCRs it is excitatory and inhibitory depending on receptor and brain location what is its clearance and physiological effect

Answer 23

reward pathways, motivation

liver into MAO/COMT catalyse breakdown of catecholamines

MAO/COMT reuptake and diffusion

Question 24

case 1 - your brother has been suffering from epileptic seizures. Neurologist has suggested his brain is overexcited and he has been prescribed th anticonvulsant sodium valproate. Explain how a brain can be excited and how sodium valproate stops this

Answer 24

reduces neuronal excitability by inhibiting voltage gated sodium channels but also by increasing availability of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA

Question 25

case 2 - nicotine can help prevent alzeihemers. neighbours mum said galantine. described the differences and commonalities of the action of nicotine versus galantine in the brain

Answer 25

Galantine is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor it therefore prevents the breakdown of acetylcholine, meaning that acetylcholine is present for longer in the synaptic cleft Nicotine is a direct agonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and therefore activates these synaptic receptors. It therefore does not require presynaptic activity to exert an effect on synaptic transmission

Question 26

case 3 - housemate says feeling low for long time and sleep disturbances. which commonly prescribed drug might help to alleviate these symptoms and explain how they work in brain

Answer 26

MAOIs-prevent the breakdown of monoamine neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin, thus increasing their availability SSRIs-prevent the clearance of serotonin from the synaptic cleft by reuptake Both dopamine and serotonin are implicated in reward signalling and moo

Question 27

Activation of which of the following receptors by glutamate causes immediate activation of the post-synaptic neurone?

Answer 27

AMPA receptors mediate fast excitatory neurotransmission in the CNS via glutamate- sodium and potassium channel NMDA is voltage calcium

Question 28

Glutamate is also used in the synthesis of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. The enzyme glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) is responsible for this conversion step. Loss of GAD can result in

Answer 28

stiff person syndrome.

Question 29

what is stiff person syndrome

Answer 29

Neurological disorder involving auto-antibodies against GAD | Loss of GAD results in lower levels of the GABA

Question 30

symptoms of stiff person syndrome and what do patients normally develop

Answer 30

Symptoms and signs include muscle stiffness and spasms | Patients may also develop diabetes mellitus due to GAD being present in the pancreas

Question 31

drug induced lupus presents with what autoantibodies

Answer 31

anti-histone antibodies