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Indigenous Studies & CNST > CNST 361 > Flashcards

CNST 361 Flashcards

1
Q

Crenshaw

A

coined the term intersectionality

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2
Q

Articulation

A
  • how ideological elements come to form an interlocking set of connections of which we are subject to in the material world
  • how certain discursive formations come to define our ability to understanding the world
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3
Q

Myth

A

-instrument for self identification drawing its justification from an ideological interpretation of the past
-search for a past
-our entire way of thinking of who we are
-idealization of history (events, people, organizations, idea) to suit the purposes of the present and represent the values of community often the powerful.
Necessitates 3 Principles:
1.ahistoricism
2.essentialism
3.teleology

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4
Q

Daniel Francis Failed National Myths

A
  • Canada as Northern People
  • CPR
  • RCMP
  • British master race
  • Canadian as a cultural mosiac
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5
Q

Invented Traditions

A
  • Historian Eric Hobsbawm theorized that many traditions recent and artificial
  • Presentation of authenticity, legitimacy in the appearance of longevity
  • Tradition repeats past images and symbols draw from mythical past
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6
Q

3 Elements of Invented Traditions

A
  1. Traditions which express social cohesion of nations and communities- singing national anthem
  2. Traditions that legitimize existing order, status, institutions or authority- saluting flag
  3. Traditions that socialize individuals to certain rules or behaviors- pink/blue
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7
Q

Imagined Communities

A
  • Benedict Anderson views nations as social constructs
  • Even in smallest nation, will never all know each other
  • Yet all engage with construct of mind what we think of as Canada
  • Has physical reality with borders, sovereignty
  • Key is collapse of privileged access to knowledge with rise of mass literacy
  • Mass print in the 18th century allows the masses to create and imagine a nation
  • Concomitant with unification of states and nations under single monarchical rulers in Europe in 17th and 18th centuries
  • Links urbanization and industrialization to the modern nation state
  • Nationalism unifies peoples and territories, nationalism modern invention that produces nations (does not discover or reveal them)
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8
Q

Nationalism, Nation and National Identity Anthony Smith

A

Nationalism: ideological movement to attain/maintain autonomy, unity, identity within actual or potential nation
Nation: named and self=id community, share myths memories symbols values and traditions. reside in historic homeland, distinctive public culture, customs, common laws
National Identity: continuous reproduction and reinterpretation of pattern of values symbol memories myths traditions that form heritage of nations and self-id with that pattern and heritage

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9
Q

Anthony Smith and Ethnie

A
  • Smith emphasized the importance of ethnicity for most definitions of nation
  • Myth-symbol complex provides the ethnic with muths of ancestry/historic memories’borders of cultural difference and a common name
  • Mythomoteur: constitutive myth of the ethnie- its purpose
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10
Q

Hegemony as a Process

A
  • re-inscribe power relations and delegit alternatives
  • creation of a population and social order dependent on inequality
  • absorb some grievances of some groups, subsequently labelled as legit
  • always part of the system, part of a process of co-optation, enactment and legitimization
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11
Q

Foucaltian Power of Normalization

A
  1. compares
  2. differentiates
  3. hierachizes
  4. homogenizes
  5. excludes
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12
Q

Paradoxes of Liberal Democracy

A
  • all exist with legal, theoretical, formal equality
  • George Orwell: all animals are equal, some more equal than others
  • social relations are not equal or equitable on the ground and inequities are not easily quantifiable
  • valorization of individualism
  • fetishization of choice, as long as one makes proper decision from predetermined selection of options
  • tolerance but only if fit neatly in to the whole
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13
Q

Bagot Commission 1842-1844

A
  • First GG of United Province of Canada
  • Investigate and revise Indian Policy, encourage civilization at low cost
  • Concluded Crown owned Indian land and was obligated to civilize it
  • Should impose freehold tenure, abolish communal property and traditions
  • Protect Indians from corrupting influence of the city and white speculators through reservations
  • Allow Indians to become self governing
  • Residential schools Mohawk Institute as idela
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14
Q

Reserves

A
  • before confederation
  • Atlantic: colonial gvt created reserves through order in council or buying private land and re settling INDG people on it
  • Ontario: treaties signed 1780-1860, reserved lands held in trust by the Crown
  • Relocation in exchange for tools, supplies, education, fisihing/hunting rights and annuities (not indexed to inflation
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15
Q

Gradual Civilization Act

A
  • 1857
  • Enfranchised if read and write, over 21, good moral character, educated
  • Judged by Indian agents/missionaries
  • Enfranchised Indian no longer Indian but deemed British subject
  • Lose last name, given some land away from reserve, vote, but renounce all claims to traditional lands/hunting privileges
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16
Q

HBC

A

-monopoly over all trade of Rupert’s land, owned and governed the territory

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17
Q

Expansionism and Manifest Destiny

A
  • border skirmishes and debates US v.s BNA 1830-1860
  • Aggressive American challenges, push for expansion
  • Maybe not barren wasteleand as claimed by HBC
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18
Q

Hind and Palliser

A
  • HBC Charter up for renewal 1859, wanted more accurate picture of Rupert’s Land, HBC claim wasteland
  • Government geologist Hind Canadian and Palliser British explore area, report fertile parkland belt, suitable for settlement
  • Exactly what expansionist commercial elite in Montreal and Toronto wanted to hear
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19
Q

Annexation of NW

A
  • Ruperts Land Act transferred RL and NWT from HBC to Canadian government 1869
  • No FN consultation, provoked anger
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20
Q

National Policy of John A. Mac

A
  • high tariffs protect central Canadian manufacturing
  • building transcontinental railway to unify nation and encourage Western settlement
  • Western settlement being prevented by the irrational Indian
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21
Q

Metis and Red River Rebellion

A
  • Collapse of buffalo hunt
  • disease, crop failure, conflict over land between Ontario settlers and Metis
  • led to social dislocation
  • Louis Reil and Red River Rebellion 1869-1970. rebel against transfer of land in Ruperts Land Act. Led to creation of Manitoba.
  • Metis and FN signed treaties formally est reserve system with promise of farms, seeds and agricultural training.
  • Signed bc widespread starvation and fear for future, signed in bad faith. misunderstandings
  • 1870’s, learn that buffalo hide cheap alternative to leather for machine belts, leds to basic extinction
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22
Q

Indian Act 1876

A
  • status system. Indian or Canadian but not both
  • solidified reserve system, not tribal collective as definitive of indigenous identity
  • Indian agents (government representative on the ground) determined whether Status or not. assign status cards
  • Could become enfranchised by selling land and allowing it to become private property but then no longer indigenous
  • patriarchal societal model
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23
Q

Starvation

A
  • starve indigenous peoples to save money and motivate them to work- not just rely on government
  • started with collapse of buffalo hunt
  • claimed agriculture would support new population but infastructure was not yet available
  • cut rations to ensure obedience
24
Q

1885 Northwest Rebellion

A
  • metis and FN rise up, quashed by government and cemented Canada’s rule over the north west
  • IDNG now subjected to an informal pass system requiring, need permission to leave, can’t get drunk or own weapons
  • outlaw potlach, sun dance
25
Q

Amendments to the Indian Act

A
  • 50% of sale price given to band members for reserve land
  • FN removed from reserves near town of 8k or more
  • municipalities/companies expropriate reserve lands without legal surrender to build public works
  • permission to appear in traditional clothes
  • lease uncultivated lands to non indg
  • can’t hire lawyers so can’t pursue land claims
26
Q

Old Timers Club

A
  • still around, membership limited to descendants of pioneers
  • settlement as a social celebratory process
  • celebrates dispossession of INDG
  • Valverde: social purity organizations specific class, gender, racial, ethnic characteristics. domination of anglo saxon middle class men over all
27
Q

Samuel Hume Blake

A
  • Doing review of missionary work
  • letter to super intendent general of indian affairs Frank Oliver about Anglican residential schools
  • Very critical, calls it close to manslaughter
28
Q

Duncan Campbell Scott

A
  • wants INDG to stand alone
  • wants to get rid of Indian problem
  • not a single Indian left that is not absorbed in to the body politic
29
Q

The Myth of the Vanishing Race

A
  • colonists concluded that INDG peoples would inevitably fade away
  • enlightenment and industrialization, fading away of INDG linked to progress
  • savage peoples would inevitably die in the face of civilization
  • had to be replaced to improve the land
  • contradiction: if race was inevitably vanishing because of own decadence why Eruo’s have to forcibly remove from lands
  • obligated to help assimilate and yet these savages could never actually become White and Euro
30
Q

Social Darwinism

A
  • 1860’s, racial inferiority and difference
  • evolution equated with progress, natural selection as mechanism by which inferior peoples eliminated
  • social darwinism (created by Herbert Spencer) saw race as a major contributor to the survival of the fittest. ruthless competition
31
Q

Scientific Racism

A
  • science support subjugation of colonial peoples
  • rankable categories
  • physical characteristics determined character, intelligence,
32
Q

JS Dennis

A
  • depute minister of interior, head of surveying teams that sparked the first Riel conflict
  • told John A that the goal of Indian policy should be the instruction of the population in farming, raising cattle and mechanical trades
  • policies pave way for emancipation of tribal government and final absorption
33
Q

Nicholas Flood Davin

A
  • head committee to investiage American industrial schools for Indian children in 1878
  • praised system as properly solving the indian problem within 1-2 generations
  • aggressive civilization
  • Davin Report: schools built cheap as possible, use pre-existing schools/religious schools, staff cheaper, government make mistake by including education in treaties, gave impression that Indians had some right to a voice, must catch him very young
34
Q

1920 Indian Act

A
  • rewrite education section
  • coercive enrolment in residential schools or day schools even if being cared for and educated adequately on the reserve
  • have to stay till 15
  • fines/jail if do not comply
35
Q

Bryce Report

A
  • doctor
  • noted schools not medically screening students, exposing rare healthy students to TB
  • so dangerous to health
  • open wounds
  • 24% students dead
  • no investigation in light of report
  • all recommendations ignored
36
Q

New Liberalism/Progressivism

A
  • government has to help/become less corrupt
  • critiques industrial modernity,
  • Christian principles of charity, equity and justice to guide economic decisions
  • hardcore indivdiualism of free market seen as mistake
  • wanted to democratize the system and make it more efficient
37
Q

Suffrage

A

-1917 Manitoba, Beynon, McClung, Benedictsson, Yeomans
-AB and Sask to follow 1916
-BC ONT 1917
-NS 1918
NB 1919
PEI 1922
QC 1940

38
Q

White Slavery

A
  • brothels run by orientals keep white women under control with opium
  • Moral and Social Reform Council of Canada: sub committee
  • no single real case
  • justify restriction of chinese and japenese business owners
39
Q

Chinese ane Sask

A

-outlaw chinese from voting
-ban orientals from employing white women
R v. Yoshi: charged in 1912 for employing three white girls, court became muddled when asked if Russian and Germs are white
-Crown had to define white, ‘of any of the civilized European nations’
-Yoshi found guilty

40
Q

Feminism and Eugenics

A
  • created by Francis Galton
  • embraced by reformers, fix social problems
  • fulfill duty as mothers of the race
41
Q

Emily Murphy

A

-1917 Dower Act, women get 1/3 share in husband’s property
1916 appointed first female magistrate
-challenged on first day that said women were not qualified persons under law
-legal struggle till 1929

42
Q

Nellie McClung

A
  • supported liberalizing access to bc
  • legally enforced steralizaiton of the unfit
  • but since bc only available to rich upper class women, then lower classes would outbreed so state action to minimize the unfit
43
Q

Unitd Farm Women of ALberta

A
  • Led by Irene Parlny
  • support sterilization to protect the feeble minded from sexual exploitation
  • prevent the racial degeneration of society,
44
Q

Sexual Sterilizaiton Act AB an BC

A

created eugenics board of alberta

  • consent of patient, guardian, spouse, or parent was required and only those who were institutionalized were believed to communicate this disease and were up for release
  • 1937 Aberhart and Social Credit gvt remove consent requirement for mentally defective persons, dev. 8 or below
  • neurosyphilis and epilepsy added to list of conditions
  • ‘rubber stamping’
  • BC stricter: need consent, only apply to those about to be released
45
Q

Formal LGBTQ Rights

A
  • 1969 Criminal Code decriminalize same sex sexual acts 21+
  • 1977 QC add sexual orientation to human rights code
  • 1978 amend immigration act to remove homo from list of prohibited ind
  • 1981 raid bathhouses in Operation Soup in Toronto, largest number of arrests in one day and huge protests
  • 1985 Section 15 protects equality but not explicitly include sexual identity, expression,
  • 1992 order banning gay men and women from army repealed
  • 1991 Vriend: SCC individual rights protection act violate s 15
  • 1988 Egan: no spousal benefits, in 1995 refuse to hear appeal but rule sexual orientation implicitly protected s 15
  • Bill C-33- 1996 add to Canadian Human Rights Act, added to hate crime section of CC
  • 2002: gay marriage, alberta try to stop 2004 rule provinces not able to legislate about marriage
  • 2005 formal legislation to allow same sex marriage
  • 2017 gender identity and expression Canadian Human Rights Act
46
Q

Nativism

A
  • John Higham: intense opposition to an internal minority on the grounds of its foreign connection
  • often targets ethnic minorities
  • suspicion because of their rejection of our way of life
47
Q

Empire Settlement Agreement 1922

A
  • King gvt agree to settle as many British immigrants as possible after economy improve
  • 160k but originally supposed to be millions
  • most plans were a failure, lead to accusation that liberal government sabotaged good British farmers and domestic workers
  • Railways agreement mad eit worse because allowed companies to offer occupational certificates to non preferred countries in Europe except jews
48
Q

Mosiac

A
  • Kate Foster- 1926 Our Canadian Mosiac
  • held together through good will and friendliness born of mutual respect and confidence between all peoples within our borders
  • principle of order must prevail in every ornamental composition otherwise the pattern is spoiled and there will be disturbing patches
  • British center must be background of multicolour tiles
  • opposition to Asian immigration
49
Q

The Great Depression

A
  • 1930 end railways agreement
  • Order in Council, most restrictive immigration legislation ever, only admissible,
    1. british and americans capable of self sustaining
    2. agriculturals with capability to immediately farm
    3. wives and minors of Canadian residents
50
Q

John Murray Gibbon

A
  • 1913 CPR general publicity agent
  • sponsored cultural and folk events
  • central to the creation of the tourist state
  • burning of the wing of the Chateau Frontenac spurred first festival to raise money for its repair
  • all anglo audience, but Gibbon translated the songs
  • Canadian Mosiac: Making of a Northern Nation= podcasts
  • Commodify otherness to make money and use multiculturalism as unity to confine and define ethnic/racial others in a comfortable frame
  • market based belonging, preserve some forms of folk culture and perform it like food/dance
51
Q

Canadian Citizenship

A
  • 1946 Citizenship Act, separate from British for first time

- Automatically conferred on all natural born Canadians and naturalized Canadians

52
Q

Bill of Rights, Immigraiton Act, Canadian Bill of Rights

A
  • 1947 Tommmy Douglas in Sask, bill of rights, first statutory declaration of its kind in the British Empire
  • 1952, prevent landing of anyone without explanation ex ept: unsponsored British subjects form UK, white common wealth, americans and french, unsponsored Western Euro, sponsored from Western Euro, America and some ME countries, close relatives of Canadian citizens from East Asian countries. NO homo/druggies allowed
  • Diefenbaker 1960 only apply to federal laws
53
Q

Paul Yuzyk

A
  • father of multiculturalism
  • Ukranian canadian
  • ‘Canada a Multicultural Nation”
54
Q

The Vertical Mosiac

A

1965
-landmark work
-John Porter- french unilingualism major contributor to poverty
-immgirants great challenges to integration in to Canadian life
barely mentioned Gibbon but rejected his vision of Canada as consisting of several multi coloured equal parts
-rejected mosiac because perpetuated ethnic segregation and not pluralism

55
Q

Pearson

A
  • revises immigraiton system based on points.

- nine categories:removed subjectivity of immigration officers

Indigenous Studies & CNST (2 decks)

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