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Geography > Coastal Envronments > Flashcards

Coastal Envronments Flashcards

1
Q

Hydraulic action

A

Waves hit cliffs and force air into cracks causing the rock to break apart

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2
Q

Abrasion

A

Waves pick up pebbles and hurl them against the cliff

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3
Q

Solution

A

The dissolving CaCO3 rocks like limestone or chalk by the sea

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4
Q

Attrition

A

Pebbles carried by the waves collide with each other and become smaller and more rounded over time

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5
Q

Deposition

A

Occurs when waves lose energy/material carried is too large to transport with the amount of energy the wave has

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6
Q

Mechanical weathering

A

Breaks down rocks by processes such as freeze-thaw, salt crystal growth and wetting and during of clay rich rocks

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7
Q

Biological weathering

A

It is when rocks are broken down by plant roots, burrowing animals and nesting birds

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8
Q

Chemical weathering

A

It is when rocks are broken down by carbonation, oxidation, and acid rain. Usually impacts CaCO3 rock

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9
Q

Slumping

A

Waves erode the cliff base and cause instability. Rain water permeates through the rock saturating it, until it becomes in stable and slumps along bedding planes. Leads to a stepped appearance to the cliff

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10
Q

Sliding

A

Weathering loosens the rock, which slides down off bedding planes. Leads to landslides and mudslides

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11
Q

Geology

A

Rock type like granite, chalk and etc

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12
Q

Lithology

A

Characteristics of the rock eg relative hardness, permeability etc

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13
Q

Discordant coastline

A

Rock outcrops are at 90 degrees to the sea. Leads to headlands and bays where there are bands of soft and hard rock interspersed with each other

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14
Q

Concordat geology

A

Rock outcrops are parallel to sea. Creates straighter coastlines. Though can create coves, like Lulworth Cove, Dorset

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15
Q

Bedding planes

A

In cliffs determine how susceptible the cliff is to collapse

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16
Q

How does vegetation influence the coastline

A

-biological weathering
-can create sand dunes via encourage deposition, and then stabilise them
-can protect and preserve coastal landforms by buffering and reducing wave energy(mangroves

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17
Q

Influence of wave refraction by bays and headlands

A

-waves approach parallel to the coastline as a whole
-as the sea shallows, on approach to the coast the waves refract to mirror the individual shape of the coastline
-this leads to energy being concentrated on headlands(due to converging waves). Despite this, headlands remain sticking out to sea more than bays due to their relatively harder lithology

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18
Q

Influence of bays and headlands on cliffs and wave platform

A

-erosion is concentrated at the base of the cliff between the low tide and high tide mark in the wave attack zone
-the creates a wave cut notch
-the cliff above is undercut, is therefore unsupported and collapses due to gravity
-this creates a wave cut platform
-over time, this repeats and the cliff retreats inland

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19
Q

Longshore drift

A

-Waves wash approaches the beach at a 45-degrees angle(the same as the prevailing wind direction). This is in conditions where wave refraction is not complete
-this is conditions where wave refraction is not complete
-backswash is at a 90 degree angle, due to gravity. Process repeats, moving sediment along the beach. Smaller material is transported further as it requires less energy

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20
Q

How does sea level influence the coast by

A

-flooding - a huge issue associated with rising sea level, especially considering many urban areas are situated on the coast
-saltwater incursion
-creation of landforms(different dependent on whether sea levels are rising or falling - (remember this is different in different parts of the word)

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21
Q

How does isostatic readjustment affect the coast

A

-land level rises or falls relative to the sea, so it appears that sea level is falling or rising
-leads to relict(old landforms)
-emergent landforms (falling sea level) = raised beaches and cliffs
-submergent landforms (rising sea levels( = rias (drowned river valleys and fjords (drowned glaciated valleys)

22
Q

How does eustatic change affect the coast

A

Ice on land like Greenland ice sheet melts and adds water to the oceans, leading to actual sea level rise

23
Q

How does thermal expansion affect the coast

A

-as water gets warmer it expands, so as seas warm due to climate change it will expand and cause sea levels to rise

24
Q

How do people influence the coast

A

-settlements
-fishing
-trade
-tourism

25
Q

What are beaches

A

They are areas where there is an accumulation of sand and shingle, caused by deposition. They often form in bays, where the coast is sheltered from high energy, erosion all waves, or where long horse drift provides a large supply of material

26
Q

How does a spit form

A

-sudden change in coastline shape or direction
-long horse drift has momentum and so continue to transport and deposited material at sea, following the original direction of longshore drift
-over time, sediment builds up creating a sandy ridge outcrop (a spit) on the coast
-salt marshes form behind spits as these water are low energy and stagnant. Rivers often deposited their sediment too, growing the spit
-spits often become curbed due to secondary prevailing wind or the impact of cross-currents/storm

27
Q

What are cuspate forelands

A

-triangular shapes accumulations of sand and shingle
-develop due to LSD from two directions
-collision of two LSD directions encourages deposition and creation of the foreland )Dungeness, Kent)

28
Q

Where are corals found

A

30 degrees N and S of the equator in the tropics

29
Q

Factors needed for corals

A

-sea surface temperatures of 23-25 degrees Celsius
-<25m deep water(as sunlight needed)
-salinity
-clean water, with not too much sediment that would otherwise clog feeding structures
-moderate wave action

30
Q

What % of the ocean floor do oceans cover

A

1%

31
Q

What % of marine biodiversity is contained within coral reefs

A

25%

32
Q

What are corals composed of

A

Coral polyps(animals that have a symbiotic relationship ship with zooxanthellae(algae)

33
Q

What services do coral reefs provide to ecosystems

A

-regulating, provisioning, supporting and cultural

34
Q

Biotic factors of the GBR

A

-coral
-algae
-fish
-sharks
-turtles;es
-plankton

35
Q

Abiotic factors of the GBR

A

-temperature
-water flow
-salinity level
-pH of seawater
-light level
-nutrient availability

36
Q

Nutrient cycling in a coral reef

A
  1. Nutrient source - Sea water. Corals filter nutrients out of seawater
  2. Biomass - coral, algae, seaweed, sigh, crustaceans and invertebrate species
  3. Litter - dead coral, fish, invertebrates, seaweed etc. Moved around by tides and ocean currents
37
Q

How are reefs threatened

A

-tourism
-industrilisation
-agriculture and deforestation

38
Q

Where are mangroves found

A

-32 degrees north to south of the equator
-sheltered, intertidal areas that receive high annual rainfall

39
Q

Factors needed for mangroves to survive

A

-a average temperature of the coldest month higher than 20 degrees C
-a fine-grained substrate or sediment(like sand and soil)
-the shores must be free os strong wave action and tidal current
-salt water

40
Q

What does a mangrove forest do

A

-traps silt to create new land
-provides timber for building materials
-provides protection from storms, storm surges and tsunamis

41
Q

Why are mangrove forest threatened by industrialisation, agriculture, tourism and deforestation

A

-timber for fuel and building material
-aquaculture
-land reclamation for tourist hotels and other amenities
-diversion of fresh water
-farming requires application of herbicides to prepare for cultivation

42
Q

Where are sand dunes found

A

Worldwide at the interface between land and sea

43
Q

Limiting factors of sand dunes

A

-wide beach and large quantities of sand
-onshore prevailing wind(from the sea to the shore)
-an obstacle such as marram grass, driftwood to encourage deposition

44
Q

Name the sand dunes from youngest to oldest

A

Embryo dunes, foredunes, yellow dunes, grey/mature dunes

45
Q

Where do dune slacks form

A

In between dune crests

46
Q

What is plant succession on the dunes called

A

Psammosere succession

47
Q

What do mature dunes have that is different to embryo dunes

A

More humus and more acidic pH due to the absence of seashells

48
Q

How are sand dunes threatened by tourism and recreation

A

-recreation such as trail biking and hours riding. Gold courses and caravan sites

49
Q

Where are salt marshes found

A

In intertidal zones, separating permanently flooded mudflats and dry, inland, areas above the high tide mark
-usually in sheltered areas of coastline such as estuaries and bays, and usually behind spits

50
Q

What do salt marshes adapt to

A

-either adapted to saltwater(if in bays) or brackish water(if in estuaries)

51
Q

How are mudflats colonised by vegetation over time

A

-they are colonised by vegetation over time, until the most stable climax community vegetation of Carr woodland is achieved at the back of a salt marsh)this is permanently waterlogged

52
Q

How are salt marshes threatened by industrialisation, agriculture and tourism

A

-reclamation to create farmland and sites for industrial and port developments
-industrial pollution from ports, power stations and oil refineries
-agricultural pollution from fertilisers such as marinas and other recreational facilities

Geography (3 decks)

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