Coasts Flashcards by Stella P

Name and describe how the 6 types of mass movement

Rock falls- rapid free fall of rock, loosened by freeze-thaw
Mudflows- occur on steep slopes, occur after heavy periods of rain
Slumping/ landslips- earth moves along concave plane, occur after heavy periods of rain
Soil creep- very slow movement on gentle slopes, caused by soil expanding and contracting
Solifluction- occurs in tundra areas, top soil thaws and becomes a flowing active area due to ice melting
Slides- materials move in a straight line, occur after heavy periods of rain

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name the 4 processes of erosion

Hydraulic action
Abrasion
Attrition
Solution

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name the 4 processes of transportation

Traction
Saltation
Suspension
Solution

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name the 5 erosional landforms

Crack
Cave 
Arch
Stack 
Stump

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Describe a discordant coastline

Layers of rock lie perpendicular to the sea, forms bays and headlands

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Describe a concordant coastline

Layers of rock lie parallel to the sea, form coves

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name the 8 depositional landforms

Beach
Spit
Tomobolo
Bar
Sand dunes
Salt marshes 
Barrier islands 
Lagoon

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Define Eustatic

Worldwide changes in sea levels

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Define isostactic

Changes in levels of land masses due to buoyancy and tectonic hazards

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Explain the formation of a sand dune

Conditions
Constructive waves 
Pioneer Plants
Lots of sand
Strong ish winds

Sand accumulates and held together by pioneer plants
Sand dunes grow in size as move further inland
Fore dunes, Yellow Dunes, Fixed grey dunes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the stages of sand dune succession (FCCC etc)

Full climatic climax community
Plagioclimax- human factors
Sun- climax- physical factors

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Explain the development of a halosere

Land regularly flooded
Deposition of mud and silt
Forms mudflat
Growth of pioneer plants
More mud trapped, increase in height
Other plants grow
Channels formed by tides
As land meets bank trees begin to grow
Marsh only covered at high tide

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Differences between pioneer plants in sand dunes and slat marshes

Salt marshes- halophytes (resistant to salt) e.g glasswort and spartina

Sand Dunes- sea couch grass, also harsh conditions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is regression/ Emergence?

Uplift of land or sea levels dropping

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is transgression/ Submergence?

Land is flooded by sea level rise

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is orogeny?

New mountains created on destructive boundaries

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is Epeirogeny?

Local tilting of land

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name types of landforms of Eustatic / Submergence

Dalmatian coast - sea floods valleys only the tops are exposed
Rias- funnel shaped estuary flooded and tops left exposed
Fjords- U shaped valley formed by glaciers and now flooded

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name types of landforms of Isostatic/ Emergence

Raised beaches - uplift of a beach above wave action

Fossil cliffs- found at the back of a raised beach contains fossils originally underground

Human causes for sea level rise

Pollution- heating earth
Burning fossil fuels- gases heat earth
Deforestation- CO2 not removed 
Urbanisation- more impermeable surfaces
Changes in farming- more intense, cattle ranching

Affect global warming and temp rise

Physical causes for sea level rise

Earthquakes- tsunamis
Hurricanes and storms- storm surges
Buoyancy effect- land sinking
Thermal expansion of water
Slab pull- land pulled under
Extreme weather

Name 2 examples of countries threatened by increasing sea levels

Maldives
Kiribati
Carteret Islands

What is wave quarrying?

Air is trapped and compressed between a breaking wave and a cliff. The increase in pressure over a period of time causes fragments to break off

Name the 7 hard engineering strategies

Straight sea wall
Curved sea wall
Revetments 
Gabions
Groynes 
Offshore reefs
Rip Rap- rocks

Advantages and disadvantages of straight sea walls

A- effective, good recreational opportunities | D- £2.5mill per km ,+ maintenance

Advantages and disadvantages of curved sea walls

A- effective, absorbs energy | D- £2.5mill per km or more

Advantages and disadvantages of revetments

A-Sloped reflects waves, underneath can attract wildlife, cheaper than walls D- wooden £1.2 mill, stone £1.5 mill per km

Advantages and disadvantages of gabions

A- cages of rock £1mill, easy to make and move | D- don’t last long ,rocks may be imported

Advantages and disadvantages of groynes

A- walls perpendicular to beach, builds up beaches , promotes natural defences D- starves beach on other side

Advantages and disadvantages of offshore reefs

A- tires and cement place to reduce energy, no visual impact, £0.4mill per area D- doesn’t work large scale, impact on fishing

Advantages and disadvantages of rip rap

A- rock walls, prevents erosion, effective | D- can be eyesore, hard to move, rock may be imported (CO2)

Defence line options

Hold the line Do nothing Advance the line Retreat the line

Name the 5 soft engineering strategies

``` Beach nourishment Dune regeneration Managed retreat Land- use management Do nothing ```

Advantages and disadvantages of beach nourishment

A-replace material, natural defence | D- costs to move sand from elsewhere

Advantages and disadvantages of dune regeneration

A- planting plants, preserves natural defence | D- trees take a long time to grow, may not work large scale

Advantages and disadvantages of managed retreat

A- abandon current line, marsh formed=natural defence | D- land lost, many coastal areas unlikely to happen

Advantages and disadvantages of land- use management

A-build away from coasts, long term, thoughtful planning | D- many houses already built in risk areas

Advantages and disadvantages of do nothing approach

A- natural, no cost | D- buildings lost, land lost, insurance difficult

What are SMPs and ICZMs?

SMP- shoreline management plans—> 4 different approaches ICZM- integrated coastal zone management—> geographical, political boundaries takes into account economy and environment, social etc.

Example of SMP and strategies

SMP1- Scottish border to the River Tyne Blyth- groynes Newbiggin- rip rap Cullercoats- sea wall

Information about ICZM

Originated in 1992 in Rio at UN Earth Summit Aims for Sustainable development - works on economy, environment, social and politics

Facts about the Sundarbans

``` 32% India, 68% Bangladesh 3m above sea level 3 rivers- Ganges, Meghna, Brahmaputra Contains mangrove forests 106 islands, 52 inhabited ```

Management schemes in the Sundarbans

- Construction of resistant homes - Eco-tourism - Afforestation (mangrove) - Embankments - Zoning according to vulnerability - Disaster management systems

Natural challenges in the Sundarbans

``` Coastal flooding Tropical storms High levels of salinity Instability of islands Accessibility Human eating tigers ```

Human challenges in the Sundarbans

``` Exploitation Corruption Destructive fishing techniques Conflict Growing settlements Lack of awareness ```

Facts about the Holderness

61km long Cliffs made of till Flamborough head to Spurn Head Located above Humber river

Management on the Holderness coast

Bridlington - sea wall Mappleton- 2 rock groynes Easington- revetments Spurn head- rock groynes