Coasts

Question 1

What is the littoral zone?

Answer 1

The wider coastal zone including adjacent land and shallow parts of the sea just offshore

Question 2

What are the 4 parts to the littoral zone in order?

Answer 2

Backshore, foreshore, nearshore, offshore

Question 3

What is a sediment cell?

Answer 3

Areas where the movement of sediment occurs around the British coastline

Question 4

What are sources of sediment (at least 3)

Answer 4

Erosion, subaerial processes, rivers bringing in sediment, onshore currents, shells and remains

Question 5

What are the transports of sediment (4)

Answer 5

Waves, wind, longshore drift, localised currents

Question 6

What are the sinks of sediment (3)

Answer 6

Deposition in deep waters, back and foreshore depositional land forms, nearshore depositional landforms

Question 7

What is a closed system?

Answer 7

Where nothing enters or leaves the system

Question 8

What are sub cells?

Answer 8

Cells within the primary sediment cells in which coastal change also occurs

Question 9

Why are sediment cells not closed systems?

Answer 9

As there could be variations in wind dirction and tidal currents so it is inevitable that some sediment is transferred between

Question 10

What is positive feedback?

Answer 10

Changes in the balance until a new equilibrium is reached

Question 11

What is negative feedback?

Answer 11

Maintaining a constant equilibrium

Question 12

Name 2 biological types of weathering

Answer 12

Organic weathering, tree roots and animals burrowing

Question 13

Name 3 chemical types of weathering

Answer 13

Acid rain, oxidation, carbonation

Question 14

Name 3 mechanical types of weathering

Answer 14

Frreze-thaw, pressure release, hydration

Question 15

What causes a high tide?

Answer 15

When the moon pulls water towards it

Question 16

What is a spring tide?

Answer 16

When the sun and moon are aligned, the tidal force it at its strongest

Question 17

What is a neap tide?

Answer 17

When the sun and moon are perpendicular to each other

Question 18

What does a high tidal range result in?

Answer 18

Wide zone of wave attack causing more coastal erosion

Question 19

What is weathering?

Answer 19

Weakening of rocks in situ

Question 20

What is mass movement?

Answer 20

Movement of sediment caused by weakened rock/soil collapsing due to weathering

Question 21

Name 5 types of mass movement

Answer 21

Soil creep, earthflow, rockfall, debris slide, slumps

Question 22

What is soil creep?

Answer 22

Slow downhill movement of individual soil particles

Question 23

What is earth/mud flow?

Answer 23

Increase in amount of water reduces friction causing earth and mud to flow over bedrock

Question 24

What is debris slide?

Answer 24

Increase in water reduces friction causing sediment to slide down the cliff

Question 25

What is slumping?

Answer 25

Increase in water reduces friction causing sediment to move down the cliff in a rotational movement

Question 26

How is a re curved spit formed?

Answer 26

The outward flow of water will prevent the spit from extending across an estuary mouth causing the end to curve

Question 27

What is a tombolo?

Answer 27

A ridge of sediment formed between a small island and mainland

Question 28

What is a cuspate foreland?

Answer 28

Traingular shaped headland occurring when coast is exposed to longshore drift from opposite directions

Question 29

What are the two types of deposition?

Answer 29

Gravity settling, flocculation

Question 30

Describe the 5 stages of psammoseral succession

Answer 30

1. Bare ground clonised by pioneer species 2. They bind to sand and add nutrients when they die and decay 3. Creeping plants keep moisture in allowing other species to colonise 4. New species modify the environment further causing it to continue to change until it is stable 5. Final community to colonise is the climax community

Question 31

What is deposited at the start of a psammoseral succession?

Answer 31

Detritus

Question 32

Name the 6 types of vegetation cover during a psammoseral succession

Answer 32

Embryo dunes, yellow dunes, grey dunes, fixed dunes, dune slacks, climax

Question 33

What is eustatic change?

Answer 33

Changes in sea level due to volume of water

Question 34

What is isostatic change?

Answer 34

Changes in sea level due to land

Question 35

Name 2 emergent coastline landforms

Answer 35

Raised beaches and cliffs

Question 36

Name 2 submergent coastal landforms

Answer 36

Rias and fjords

Question 37

How are rias formed?

Answer 37

When valleys in upland areas are flooded

Question 38

How are fjords formed?

Answer 38

Deep glacial troughs are flooded by a rise in sea level

Question 39

Name 3 factors affecting salt marsh development (halosere succession)

Answer 39

Any 3 from: Tidal regime, weather, wave type, sediment supply, climate, sea level

Question 40

What is the name given to sal tolerant plant species?

Answer 40

Halophytes

Question 41

Causes of cyclone sidr (3)

Answer 41

Intense low pressure system, 229km/h wind, rise in sea level

Question 42

Social impacts of cyclone sidr on Bangladesh (4)

Answer 42

High deaths, injuries, houses destroyed, famine

Question 43

Economic impacts of cyclone sidr (cost)

Answer 43

1.76 billion dollars

Question 44

How many were affected by cyclone sidr?

Answer 44

2.3 million

Question 45

How many deaths and injuries due to cyclone sidr?

Answer 45

3,406 deaths, 55,000 injured

Question 46

Why is Maldives at risk? (4)

Answer 46

Many low-lying small islands, small economies with high population densities, houses may get washed away, water supply is limited and at risk

Question 47

Who are environmental refugees?

Answer 47

Communities forced to abandon their homes due to natural processes

Question 48

How have Male and Hulhumake been protected (Maldives)

Answer 48

3m high sea wall, artificial land built from coral and sediment

Question 49

Sustainable approaches in Maldives (2)

Answer 49

Mangroves for the future organisation educates locals on maintaining mangrove swamps as a defence, global environmental facility provided small grants to islanders to help them develop sustainable and organic farming

Question 50

What are revetments?

Answer 50

Sloping wooden structures which break up a waves energy

Question 51

What are gabions?

Answer 51

Large boulders in steel cages to absorb wave energy

Question 52

What does Integrated Coastal Management allow?

Answer 52

Coastal management can occur whilst considering the needs of all stakeholders

Question 53

How is cost-benefit analysis used?

Answer 53

Helps decide if defending a coastline from erosion/flooding is economically justifyable

Question 54

Marine causes of erosion in Holderness

Answer 54

Size of fetch, frequency of storms, more destructive waves due to location, shallow beach depth

Question 55

Geological causes of erosion in Holderness

Answer 55

Bedrock made of till which sits on a layer of seaward sloping chalk, narrow beaches

Question 56

Economic impacts on Holderness

Answer 56

Any from: Visitors dropped, unable to build shops and housing, money spent on coastal protection, Easington gas terminal (25%), farmland lost

Question 57

Social impacts on Holderness

Answer 57

30 villages lost, properties under threat from erosion lose their value

Question 58

Name the stakeholders in Holderness (make notes on what they believe etc after naming them)

Answer 58

Conservationist, local residents, local council and defra,

Question 59

What part of a Dalmatian coastline is raised above sea level and does not become inundated when sea levels rise?

Answer 59

Anticline

Question 60

What part of a Dalmatian coastline becomes inundated with water due to a rise in sea level?

Answer 60

Syncline

Question 61

Haff coastline formed by...?

Answer 61

Long sediment ridges topped by sand dunes that trap lagoons behind them