coasts

Question 1

(river) source

Answer 1

where a river begins

Question 2

(river) drainage basin

Answer 2

the area from the water drains into the river

Question 3

(river) water shed

Answer 3

an imaginary line that separates two drainage basins

Question 4

(river) confluence

Answer 4

the point where 2 rivers join together

Question 5

(river) tribute /tributes

Answer 5

smaller rice s which join the main river

Question 6

(river) floodplain

Answer 6

land that floods when rivers overflow

Question 7

(river) mouth

Answer 7

where the river flows into the sea or lake

Question 8

(river) river bed

Answer 8

bottem of a river channel

Question 9

(river) riverbank

Answer 9

the side of a river channel

Question 10

(river) channel

Answer 10

river flows in it

Question 11

(river) abrasion

Answer 11

bed+bank are worn down by load

Question 12

(river) corrosion

Answer 12

chemical action of river water

Question 13

(river) hydraulic action

Answer 13

involves the force of water against bed + banks

Question 14

(river) attrition

Answer 14

the load carried by the river bump into each other

Question 15

(river) spurs

Answer 15

river meets areas of harder rock
it can’t cut through
instead wind around them

Question 16

(river) tractions

Answer 16

larger heavy pebbles/ boulders rolled along the river bed

Question 17

(river) saltation

Answer 17

pebbles bounced on the bed( near the source )

Question 18

(river) suspension

Answer 18

lighter sediment carried in the water

Question 19

(river) solution

Answer 19

transport of dissolved chemicals and minerals

Question 20

(river) deposition

Answer 20

when a river looses energy and drops sediment

Question 21

(river) thawlthag

Answer 21

line of fastest flow

Question 22

(river) estuary

Answer 22

the tidal part of the river where the freshwater from the river merges with saltwater from the sea

Question 23

(river) base flow

Answer 23

starting and finishing flow of the river either side of increased discharge

Question 24

(river) peak discharge

Answer 24

max discharge following rainfall event

Question 25

(river) peak rainfall

Answer 25

highest rate of rain during rainfall event

Question 26

(river) lag time

Answer 26

time between peak rainfall + peak discharge

Question 27

(river) rising limb

Answer 27

increasing discharge as storm water enters the river channel

Question 28

(river) receding limb

Answer 28

fall in discharge back to base level

Question 29

(river) meanders

Answer 29

the curve in the river by erosion and deposition

Question 30

(river) capacity

Answer 30

max amount of things it can carry (overall weight of the load)

Question 31

(river) competence

Answer 31

largest sized individual particle a river can carry (largest rock,not the total weight)

Question 32

hydrogaphs way

Answer 32

rainful= always a barchart discharge=always a line graph

Question 33

hard engineering

Answer 33

involved building artificial structures which try to control nateral processes disadvantages: more expensive, work against nature advantages: greater impact

Question 34

soft engineering

Answer 34

where the natural environment is used to help reduce coastal erosion and river flooding disadvantage: less effective advantages : natural, less maintenance

Question 35

(coasts) coastline

Answer 35

a place at which land meets the seas

Question 36

(coasts) weathering

Answer 36

the breakdown of rocks at the earth surface by the action of rain water extreme of temperature + biological weathering

Question 37

(coasts) wave

Answer 37

a body of water moving towards a coastline at a higher than average level

Question 38

(coasts) attrition

Answer 38

material carried by the wave bump into each other and so are smoothed and broken down into smaller particles

Question 39

(coasts) hydraulic action

Answer 39

this process involves the force of water against the coast the waves enter cracks in a he coastline and compress the air in crack wave retreats the air in the crack expands -> minor explosion repeated

Question 40

(coasts) corrosion

Answer 40

chemical action of sea water the acid in the salt water slowly dissolve rocks on coast limestone and chalk are particularly prone to process

Question 41

(coasts) abrasion

Answer 41

the coast is worn down by material carried by the waves waves through theese particles against the rock sometimes high velocity

Question 42

(coasts) bay

Answer 42

area of less resistant (soft) rock between 2 headlands which is quickly eroded

Question 43

(coasts) line of weakness

Answer 43

not smooth too me , lines of weakness are a weak link in the cliff attacked thru erosion

Question 44

(coasts) caves

Answer 44

processes attack line of weakness in cliff get bigger + deeper

Question 45

(coasts) arch

Answer 45

erosion of cave continues (corrosion attrition and hydraulic action) extends all the way thru creates arch

Question 46

(coasts) stack

Answer 46

weight of the roof collapses so stands alone weathered away and creates stack

Question 47

(coasts) stump

Answer 47

waves slowly erode stack forms a notch -> gets big and collapses leaving a stump

Question 48

(coasts) longshore drift

Answer 48

the transport of sediment along a stretch of coastline caused by waves approaching the beach at an angle

Question 49

(coasts) spits

Answer 49

a finger of land made of sand and shingle that extends into the sea from the coastline caused by change in coastal direction

Question 50

(coasts) wave refraction

Answer 50

as waves approach a coast they are refracted so that their energy is concentrated around headlands but reduced around bays

Question 51

(coasts) bars

Answer 51

if a spit has grown across a bay and joined one part of the main land to another

Question 52

(coasts) creep

Answer 52

sand movement that’s rolled along

Question 53

(coasts) concordent

Answer 53

where bands of different rock type run parallel to the coastline

Question 54

(coasts) discordant

Answer 54

layers of rock run at right angles to the coast

Question 55

what does a rivera long profile show

Answer 55

the long profile shows how a rivers gradient changes as it flows from its source to its mouth

Question 56

what’s the upper course of the river

Answer 56

the steepest part of the land in the river, small but flows quickly, energy levels are high and the river cuts away as its bed. as it does it quickly deepens its valley through down cutting which creates steep sided v shaped valley.

Question 57

what’s the middle course of the river

Answer 57

river starts to flow slowly because it starts to transport lots of sediments as rivers look muddy. As the river moves down its valley a number of changes occur. The river gets wider as more tributes join together.

Question 58

what are the 4 changes that ocur in the middle course

Answer 58

1. the valley sides become less steep, giving the shape of a open v 2.the river begins to erode sideways into its bank. This opens out to the valley floor and a flood plain starts to develop 3.erosion and depositions occur 4. the edges of the floodplain are marked by bluffs

Question 59

what is the lower course of a river

Answer 59

when the valleys v shape is so wide that the valley sides have been disappeared. The river approaches its mouth, The river now winds its way slowly across a large flood plain. Deposition is now the dominant process

Question 60

define rock resistance

Answer 60

erosion rate increases more wrodible the rock is

Question 61

define gradient

Answer 61

a steep gradient results in the river water being pulled by gravity, cutting down and eroding the channel

Question 62

define artificial levees

Answer 62

where people bulls up the height of the bank (piled earth or coated in concrete) to limit the change of a river flooding

Question 63

define competence

Answer 63

largest sized individual particles a river can carry = the largest rock it could move