Coasts

Question 1

Coastal Processes and Landscapes on Flamborough Head

Answer 1

Landforms - Chalk headland with caves, arches, stacks, and stumps, and a wave cut platform
Processes - abrasion, corrosion, hydraulic action, attrition, freeze-thaw and sub aerial solution

Question 2

Coastal Processes and Landscapes in Bridlington Bay

Answer 2

Landforms - bay with boulder clay cliffs. Beaches, wave-cut notches, prevailing NE wind, and both constructive and destructive waves
Processes - erosion and LSD - coastal retreat, leading to slumping and rotational slipping

Question 3

Coastal Landscapes on Spurn Point and how is it used

Answer 3

Landforms - spit with a recurved head
Used by migrating birds, as a lifeboat station, and as a nature reserve

Question 4

Which areas use hold-the-line as their SMP strategy and what defences are used

Answer 4

Bridlington, Hornsea and Withernsea (settlements)
Mappleton (coastal road)
Easington (gas facility)
Rock armour at Withernsea
Sea wall, gabions and rock armour at Hornsea

Question 5

Which SMP policy is used along the rest of the sediment cell

Answer 5

No active intervention

Question 6

Which policy was abandoned at Spurn Point and in favour of what

Answer 6

Wooden gabions to fix the spit’s position
Now allowing the spit to migrate west naturally, which may be disrupted by rising sea levels

Question 7

What opportunities are there in Odisha

Answer 7

Renewable energy (wind, tidal, wave)
Large fish stocks
Offshore oil
35% of region has heavy metal deposits
Tourism - range of fauna, flora, and beaches

Question 8

What challenges are there in Odisha

Answer 8

Tropical storms (Cyclone Phailin, 2013 - 1 mil evacs, 44 deaths, 500,000 ha crops destroyed, loss of $700,000)
36.8% of coastline eroding, partly due to human interventions
Low lying region at risk of rising sea levels (climate change)

Question 9

Aim of Odisha’s ICZM

Answer 9

Establish a level of economic activity that benefits the population but doesn’t damage the environment

Question 10

3 examples of stakeholders considered in Odisha’s ICZM

Answer 10

Water Resource Department
Fisheries Department
Odisha Tourism Development

Question 11

What has been planted as part of Odisha’s ICZM

Answer 11

Mangroves planted along the coastline, acting as a natural sea defence and mitigate climate change by acting as a carbon sink