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Coasts Flashcards

1
Q

A model is not the real world, but merely a human __________ to help us better understand real world ________.

A

construct
systems

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2
Q

A system is a group of ___________ that work together to perform a specific __________.

A

processes
function

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3
Q

What are the three types of system?

A
  • Closed
  • Open
  • Isolated
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4
Q

What is a closed system?

A

A closed system is where energy is transferred into and out of the system. All matter is enclosed. An example of this is the carbon cycle.

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5
Q

What is an open system?

A

An open system is where matter and energy can be transferred from the system to the environment.

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6
Q

What is an isolated system?

A

An isolated system almost non existent. The only isolated system is the universe.

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7
Q

What is an example of a closed and open system at the coast?

A

Open system = Beach
Closed system = Sediment cell

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8
Q

What is a positive feedback loop?

A

Where the effects of an action are amplified by a change.

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9
Q

What is a negative feedback loop?

A

Where the effects of an action are nullified by a change.

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10
Q

What is a dynamic equilibrium?

A

This is where the inputs and outputs of a system are equal.

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11
Q

What are some sources of energy at the coast?

A
  • Waves
  • Wind
  • Tide
  • Currents
  • Human activity
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12
Q

What are the 5 subsystems on Earth?

A
  • Atmosphere (air)
  • Lithosphere (tectonic)
  • Hydrosphere (water)
  • Biosphere (natural)
  • Cryosphere (glacial)
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13
Q

At an inrregular coastline, the wave _______ because different parts of the wave are at different _______. This is a _______ feedback loop.

A

bends
depths
negative

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14
Q

At a straight coastline, when the wave touches the _______ it looses _______. _______ winds make it _______ to the coastline.

A

seabed
velocity
Prevailing
paralell

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15
Q

What is a sediment budget?

A

The sediment budget is the amount of sediment available.

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16
Q

What does an increase in the sediment budget lead to? How about a decrease?

A

Increase = more deposition
Decrease = more erosion

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17
Q

What is a sediment cell?

A

A sediment cell is a part of the coast where sediment is largely contained. It is usually between two promenant headlands.

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18
Q

Clastic sediment comes from the ____________ of rock. Biogenic sediment comes from the __________ of fish. Sediment can be __________, such as smaller clay and mud that joins together, or ___________ larger particles.

A

weathering
skeletons
cohesive
non-cohesive

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19
Q

What is the backshore?

A

Backshore is the area between the high water mark and the limit of marine activity.

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20
Q

What is offshore?

A

Offshore is where waves have no impact on the beach.

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21
Q

What is the inshore?

A

The inshore is between the low water mark and where the waves no longer impact the beach.

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22
Q

What is the foreshore?

A

Foreshore is the area between the high water mark and the low water mark.

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23
Q

Littoral drift is where sediment is blown _____ the beach in a _______ pattern. It occurs when the ______ pushes sediment up the beach, and the _________ along with ________ It transfers sediment from one place to another and protects the cliff from ________.

A

up
zig-zag
swash
backwash
gravity
erosion

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24
Q

The thermohaline circulation is a process driven by the different _________ of water. The cold water, which is denser than the hot water, ______. This process affects the Earths ________ by moving hot water around.

A

densities
sinks
climate

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25
What causes different densities in water?
Salt concentration
26
Spring tides occur after a full _______, when the sun and moon are _______. This causes larger _______ as the sun and moon add onto eachothers _______.
moon alligned tides gravity
27
A neap tide is when the sun and moon are at a ___________ to eachother. The sun ___________ the moons gravity, leading to ___________ tides.
right angle cancells out moderate
28
What happens at high tide?
At high tide, erosion and deposition occur higher up the beach.
29
What happens at low tide?
At low tide, erosion and deposition occur at a similar place at the beach.
30
What is a current?
A current is large scale movement of water in the oceans.
31
What is the time difference in between the low tide and high tide?
12 hours and 25 minutes
32
What is weathering?
Weathering is the breakdown of rocks in situ
33
What is mechanical weathering?
The breakdown of rocks due to physical factors in the environment.
34
What is chemical weathering?
The breakdown of rocks due to interaction with air, water or acid.
35
What is biological weathering?
The breakdown of rocks due to due to plants, animals and micro-organisms
36
Freeze-thaw is a type of __________ where water continually seeps into rocks, and then ________ when temperatures _____, and it becomes ice. Over time these cracks become larger until the rock is broken down.
weathering expands drop
37
What is exfoliation?
Exfoliation is a type of weathering which occurs when cracks develop parallel to the land surface.
38
Crystalisation is a type of ___________ where water goes into holes, __________ and then turns into _______.
weathering evaporates crystalls
39
What is solution?
Solution is when acids in the water dissolve alkaline rock.
40
What are the four OG types of coastal erosion
- Traction - Saltation - Suspension - Solution
41
What is attrition?
Attrition is smoothing and reducing of angular rock into pebbles.
42
What is corrasion?
Corrasion is where rocks are launched against a clif and can weaken it.
43
What is abraision
Abraision is the sandpapering effect of rocks against a coastline.
44
What is hydraulic action?
Hydraulic action is where waves break against a cliff and forces itself into cracks.
45
What is caviation?
Caviation is where bubbles of air collapse as a result of stress.
46
What is wave quarraying?
Wave quarraying is where waves break against unconsolidated material. Waves scoop out loose material.
47
What is rockfall?
This is where there is a sudden collapse and breaking away of rock fragments at a cliff face.
48
What is a landslip / slump?
This is where the slide surface is curved, and weak clays or sands 'slump' down this surface.
49
What is soil creep?
Very slow movement of soil downhill.
50
What is a landslide?
Rock moving rapidly downhill along a plane. It is often triggered by an earthquake.
51
What is a swash aligned beach?
This is where waves break parallel to the coast. They tend to form in low energy environments.
52
What is a drift aligned beach?
This is where waves approach the beach at an angle. Longshore drift moves material along the beach.
53
Longshore drift carries material along a coast. When the coastline changes __________, sediment builds up. It projects __________. Wave _________ curves it round. ____________ and sand dunes may form behind the spit.
direction outwards refraction saltmarshes
54
What are compund spits?
This is where spits show evidence of a series of sequential growth and recurvate.
55
What is a bar / barrier beach?
A bar is the extension of a spit across a bay to the point that it blocks off the entire bay. Behind, a lagoon forms which can turn into a mangrove or a saltmarsh.
56
What is a tombolo?
A tombolo is where sediment is deposited towards a small island and connects to it.
57
What are the 5 stages of sand dune development?
- Embyro dunes - Foredunes - Yellow dunes - Grey dunes - Mature dunes
58
Embryo dunes is the first stage of sand dunes. It is when there is an __________, sand builds up. Conditions are very _________ here, and they do not grow to more than one metre in height.
obsticle extreme
59
Foredunes is the second stage in sand dune development. This is where the first plants begin to _______, such as _______ grass, marram grass and sea rocket. It helps to _______ more sand. They are drought _______.
colonise lyme trap resistant
60
Yellow dunes is the third stage of sand dune development. This is where a ________ layer builds up and traps water and ________ in the soil. Up to __% coverage.
humus nutrients 80%
61
The grey dunes is the fourth stage in sand dune development. This is where there is much more _______ vegetation, and it can be up to ___%. Soil begins to form, and this takes place arounf 50-100m from the sea. It can be about 10m in height.
stable 100
62
Mature dunes is the fifth stage in sand dune development. This can be several hundred metres from the sea, and can support _______. Eventually it may reach _______________.
trees climax vegetation
63
What is isostatic sea level rise?
Isostatic is global sea level rise, caused by melting of the ice sheets.
64
What is eustatic sea level rise?
Eustatic sea level rise is local sea level rise, caused by the weight of ice. Eustatic recovery is where it rises again when ice melts.
65
What are relict cliffs?
This is an old cliff displaying features such as caves, arches or stacks
66
What is a raised beach?
These are former wave cut platforms where the land has risen.
67
What are rias
Rias are a drowned river valley. Only the high land is visible
68
What are fjords?
Fjords are long, deep, narrow bodies of water that reaches far inland, creating a u-shaped valley.
69
What are dalmation coasts?
Dalmation coasts are where valleys are parallel to each other.
70
What are the stages in the development of saltmarshes?
1= Mud deposited by high tide line by floculation 2= Pioneer plants colonise transition zone 3= Mud level rises above HWM 4= Soil condition improves, meadow forms 5= Shrubs + trees colonise area
71
What is floculation?
Floculation is where tiny particles of clay stick together
72
What type of environments can pioneer plants tolerate?
Halosere environments (salty)
73
What happens when shrubs and trees colonise a saltmarsh?
Sucession reaches climactic climax
74
What are the three processes leading to the formation of the sundarbans?
- Tides - River network estuaries - Wave action
75
The change of tide in the sundarbans allows sediment to become _________, which stabilises the mangrove ecosystems. Mangroves can grow with their roots submerged in ______. It allows fish to _______ before moving into the open ocean as adults. Birds can also nest there.
trapped water shelter
76
River network estuaries were a key player in the development of the sundarbans. The sundarbans is the worlds largest sediment disposal system. ______ tonnes of sediment passes through the Bay of Bengal each year.
1.3bn
77
How does wave action contribute to the formation of the sundarbans? Islands and sizebale newly deposited lands (______) appear seasonally. During the south west monsoon season (____), sea breeze increases the wave height. ___________ increase the _______ in the rivers means larger sediment can be transported via ________. 95% of sediment comes from summer monsoon rainfall.
chars June Monsoons runoff traction
78
How does the mangroves protect against storms?
30 trees per 0.01 hectares reduces the force of a tsunami by 90%. They have an enormous capacity to hold CO2 and traps it in soils. Flooding also has economic value through fishing and timber. One hectare = $12,000
79
What goods can the mangrove provide if it is sustainibly managed?
> Fuel > Construction materials > Household items > Food and drink > Textiles
80
Basic facts about the sundarbans: It covers ______sqkm across Bangladesh & India. It was ___ bigger in 1947 It is ___ water Within the sundarbans, there is __ species of mammals, __ species of reptiles and ___ bird species.
10,000 4x 1/3 41 50 339
81
When was the Bangladesh ICZM introduced
2005
82
What has been done in Bangladesh to reduce vunerability?
In 2015, rural women built 10km of brick roads connecting villages to eachother. 5,000km of embankment built, fortified with concrete for protection
83
What has been done in Bangladesh to reduce poverty
6 NGOs committed to the aim of getting food security and help rebuild livelyhoods.
84
What has been done in Bangladesh regarding institutional change? (sanitation) ____ targeted households trained on income generating activities ____ houses given latrines ___ wells to supply drinking water Development of connecting roads
500 130 18
85
What has been done in Bangladesh regarding biodiversity conservation?
Ecotourism, dolphin sanctuary, no large vessells, mangrove eco-village. In 2011, 1,000,000 of the 5,000,000 who had no electricity was using solar panels.
86
What are some adaptation strategies from the Sundarbans?
- Salt tolerant rice, survives for two weeks - Storage tanks - Water tight containers for storms - Cyclone shelters - 1,012 built in 2015
87
What are some mitigation strategies from the Sundarbans?
Afforestation = Deforestation was 3% per year. Indian NGO planted 50m mangrove saplings in 2021. Tiger masks = 22.7 people killed per year, so they wore masks and provided prey so they avoided human death and the extinction of tigers.
88
Four stages of the shoreline management plan (SMPs) and the case study
1= Advance the line - extends coastline out to sea 2= Hold the line - Keep in current position 3= No intervention - left to natural processes 4= Managed retreat - allows parts to flood Used from Spurn Head to Flambrough, Holderness. Hard engineering was used in Hornsea.
89
Stats about Happisburgh Population of ______ ______ land lost between 1600-1850 ________ constructed in 1950 300m of revetment detroyed in a storm (1990) 4,000 tonnes _________ placed at foot of cliff (2002) _______ tonnes realigned in 2015
1400 250m Groynes rock armour 9000
90
What are the case studies for coastal landforms such as stacks?
Old Hary Stack, Dorset (Stack) Durdle Door, Dorset (Arch)

Geography (6 decks)

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