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Geography > Coasts > Flashcards

Coasts Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

What is mass movement

A

Movement of sediment due to gravity

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2
Q

Describe the process of slumping

A

Form of mass movement
Ground becomes very saturated due to rainfall
Decreases stability, causing it to slump

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3
Q

What feature forms at discordant coastlines

A

Headlands and Bays

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4
Q

What is a concordant coastline

A

Bands of rock run parallel to the coastline

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5
Q

What is a discordant coastline

A

Bands of rock run perpendicular to the coastline

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6
Q

What factors affect the size of wave

A

Fetch, depth of water, energy

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7
Q

What is weathering

A

The breaking down of rock in situ

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8
Q

Name 4 main processes of coastal transportation

A

Solution
Suspension
Saltation
Traction

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9
Q

Name 3 examples of hard engineering

A

Sea Walls
Revetments
Tetrapods

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10
Q

Explain how LSD moves materials

A

Direction of prevailing wind

Swash goes at an angle up the beach

Backwash brings it straight back down

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11
Q

What is the function of groynes

A

Prevent the loss of sediment

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12
Q

How can groynes impact areas down drift

A

Starve other beaches of sediment

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13
Q

Describe freeze-thaw weathering

A

Occurs to rock in situ
Water its into cracks of the rocks
When they freeze they expand, putting pressure on the rock
Causing them to crack

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14
Q

Explain the formation of a wave cut platform

A

Waves attack the base of a cliff and erode it (HA, QA, Ab)
This starts to form a cave
More erosion causes the cliff face to collapse
Collapsed materials gets smoothened out due to erosion

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15
Q

What are the 4 main types of erosion

A

Hydraulic action
Abrasion
Quarrying
Solution

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16
Q

Describe the characteristics of a constructive wave

A

Strong swash
Weak Backwash
Long wave length
Short wave height
Deposition > erosion

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17
Q

Describe the characteristics of a destructive wave

A

Weak swash
Strong backwash
Short wave length
Tall wave height
Erosion > deposition

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18
Q

What are gabions

A

Rocks in cages used to prevent erosion

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19
Q

What is attrition

A

Sediment colliding together causing it to break and become smoother

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20
Q

Explain the formation of a spit

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A

Occurs in the direction of the PW
LSD occurs along the coastline, until
A change in shape of the land
Sediment gets deposited forming a spit

21
Q

what is abrasion

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A

Rocks thrown at cliff faces from waves, eroding the face

22
Q

What is corrasion

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A

Water is rocks are thrown at the cliff face

23
Q

What is cost benefit analysis

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A

Takes into account the value of the land and the cost to protect it

24
Q

What is a emergent coastline

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A

When land rises above the sea

25
What is eustatic sea-level change
Global change Caused by the rising and falling of sea-levels caused by ice-ages
26
What is isostatic sea-level change
Localised change The rise or fall of sea level due to changes in land
27
Describe the characteristics of High energy environments
High erosion Strong winds Destructive waves Erosional features
28
What is a ICZM
Integrated Coastal Zone Management Takes into account stakeholders, locals and other areas Holistic approach
29
Describe the characteristics of a low energy enviroment
High deposition Constructive waves Weak winds
30
What is the sediment budget
Balance between change sin sediment inputs and outputs
31
What is a SMP
Shoreline management plan
32
What are the approaches to manage coastlines
Managed retreat Hold the line Do nothing Advance the line
33
What are 2 coastal management strategies
Hard engineering Soft engineering
34
Examples of hard engineering
Sea Walls Groynes Rock Armour Revetments
35
Examples of soft engineering
Beach Nourishment Dune Stabilisation Managed retreat
36
What are the main sediment sources
Rivers Cliff erosion Wind Glaciers Longshore drift
37
What is the littoral zone
The area of land between the cliffs and the offshore area beyond the influence of waves
38
Explain the formation of waves
Winds move across the surface causing frictional drag This leads to a circular motion As the seabed shallows, waves become more elliptical As wave height increases and wave length decreases, the waves break
39
Factors affecting wave enrgy
Strength of wind Duration of wind Size of fetch
40
Explain the formation of barrier beaches
Occurs when a beach or spit extends across a bay to join to headlands Traps water forming a brackish lagoon which is separated from the sea Can form from contemporary processes or due to rising sea levels after the last glacial period, when glaciers deposited sediment in the coastal zone
41
What is a tombolo
Bar or beach that connects the mainland to an offshore island
42
What are offshore bars
An offshore region where sand is deposited , as the waves don’t have enough energy to carry the sediment to shore. They absorb wave energy Waves may pick up sediment from an offshore bar, which then provides an important sediment input into the coastal zone Also formed when backwash removes sediment from a beach
43
Explain the formation of sand dunes
Wind blows sand landwards from beach or offshore bar Large tidal range allows the sand to dry, so that it is light enough to be picked up and carried by the wind to the back of the beach Dunes develop as a process of a vegetation succession:
44
Explain the formation of mudflats and saltmarshes
Deposition occurs in river estuaries in low velocity water so sediment cannot be carried Deposition occurs as a result of flocculation Pioneer plants colonise the the area, causing more sediment to be trapped
45
46
How are rias formed
Rias are formed when rising sea levels flood narrow winding inlets and river valleys . They are deeper at the mouth of the inlet , with the water depth decreasing further inland .
47
How are fjords formed
Fjords are formed when rising sea levels flood deep glacial valleys to create natural inlets and harbours. They are deeper in the middle than they are at the mouth , with the shallower section showing where the glacier left the valley.
48
How are dalmatian coasts formed
Dalmatian Coasts occur when valleys running parallel to the coast become flooded as a result of sea level change. This leaves a series of narrow, long and rugged islands.

Geography (29 decks)

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