Coasts Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
Hydrosphere
A
Total amount of water on a planet
Liquid, vapour, or ice
e.g. oceans, rivers and lakes
2
Q
Cryosphere
A
Frozen solid
Greenland and Antarctica
Polar areas
e.g. ice permafrost
3
Q
Lithosphere
A
Solid outer part of the earth
Mantle and crust
Elastic but not viscous
Oceanic and continental
e.g. layers of the earth
4
Q
Atmosphere
A
10,000 kilometers above
5 different layers based on temperature
e.g. ozone layer
5
Q
Coast definition
A
the dynamic interface where the sea and land meet, open system
6
Q
Feedback
A
the upset of equilibrium that can lead to a changes in the coastal system
7
Q
positive feedback
A
where changes within the system speed up/increases or grows larger
8
Q
negative feedback
A
where changes within the system slow down/decreases or stop further changes
9
Q
Open system
A
a system with inputs and outputs of energy and matter
10
Q
Natural system
A
a group of interrelated parts that work othether to create an environment
11
Q
closed system
A
has a transfer of energy into and out of the system but not a transfer of matter
12
Q
dynamic equilibrium
A
when the inputs and outputs of a system are balanced
13
Q
landform
A
a specific geomorphic feature on the surface of the earth from plains to valleys
14
Q
landscape
A
is a part of the earths surface that can be viewed at on time from one place
15
Q
what causes waves
A
wind tugs
Moves in circular motion
Shallow water
Energy moves forward - swash
Drains back - backwash
16
Q
wind - spatial variation
A
occurs when wind speeds are high and wave energy is likely to be high too
17
Q
prevailing waves
A
help control the direction that waves approach
18
Q
fetch
A
the length or distance over open water will help to to determine the size and energy of waves
19
Q
fictional drag
A
wind blowing over the sea
20
Q
what causes waves
A
the strength of the wind
The duration of the wind
The distance of water the wind overs over
21
Q
crest
A
the top of the wave
22
Q
velocity
A
the speed that a wave is travelling, it is influenced by the wind, fetch and depth of water
23
Q
refraction
A
waves don’t come straight onto shore they arrive at an angle
24
Q
refraction on irregular coastline
A
drags in shallow water
Higher and steeper with shorter wavelength
Moves forward faster
Wave bends
Loose power dropping sediment
25
high energy coastline
coastlines with high energy have powerful waves, exceeds deposition, landforms include headlands and bays, frequently exposed to storms
26
low energy coastline
coastline with low energy have waves that are not powerful, deposition exceeds erosion, beaches and spits, sheltered areas where energy is dispatched
27
backshore
area between high water mark and the landward limit of marine activity. changes only during storm events
28
foreshore
the area between high water mark and low water mark. most important for marine processes. only exception is during storm events
29
inshore
area between low water mark and where the waves cease to have any influence on the land beneath them
30
offshore
is the area beyond the point where waves cease to impact upon the seabed and in which activity is limited to deposition of sediments
31
breaker zone
where waves breaks between 5-10 meters when approaching the coastline
32
nearshore zone
zone extending seaward from the low water line beyond the surf zone
33
swash zone
alternately covered and exposed by swash and backwash
34
ocean currents
tides
wind
thermohaline circulation
35
weathering
biological - plants and animals
chemical - acid rain
mechanical - freeze thaw
36
sediment cells
headlands and stretches of deep water
closed systems
can be divided into sub cells uk and wales 11
37
discordant coastlines
a coast where bands of different rock type run at right angles to the coast
formation of headland and bays
38
concordant coastlines
a coast where layers of different rock types run at parallel to the coast
forms coasts
39
Sediment inputs
longshore drift, waves, positive feedback, swash, aeolian process, currents, tides, storms, wind, human activity, fluvial sediement
40
sediment outputs
Backwash, tides, destructive waves, human activity, storm surges, erosion, long shore drift, sand mining
41
marine
waves, tides, currents
42
energy
kinetic energy from waves and wind, thermal energy from the sun and potential energy from material
43
geological
rock type, structure and tectonics, material from marine deposition, weathering and mass movement
44
atmospheric
climate, weather and climate change,
45
people
urban planning, housing, industry, coastal management/defences, leisure
46
swash aligned beach
form when waves break parallel to the coast, minimal longshore drift, irregular coastlines
47
drift aligned beach
form when longshore drift moves material along the coast, high volume of lsd, regular coastlines
48
Sand dunes
small ridges or hills of sand found at the top of a beach, above the usual maximum reach of the waves
49
psammosere
an ecological succession that began life of newly exposed coastal sand, sand dune systems
50
climax vegetation
the dominant mix of vegetation species that characterise an environmental given time for colonisation to occur and reach stability
51
plant succession
A directional change in the types of plant species that occupy a given area through time, it involves the recesses of colonization, establishment and extinction
52
embryo dunes
accumulate when it meets an obstruction on the beach, seaweed, driftwood
53
foredunes
lyme grass, sea couch grass, marram grass
54
yellow dunes
plants decay and trap water and nutrients, alkaline
55
grey dunes
stable and mosses and lichens, small shrubs, shelter from winds
56
dune slack
found in more mature dunes, water logging and surface water
57
mature dunes
undisturbed these dunes develop a soil which can support shrubs and trees
58
salt marsh
area of coastal grassland that is regularly flooded by seawater, halosere environment, submerges at high tide, freshwater meets saltwater
59
mudflats
created by deposition of silts and clays in low energy coastal environments, estuaries
60
eustatic change
changes in the amount/volume of liquid water entering the oceans, temperature rise, thermal expansion, melting of freshwater ice sheets
61
isostatic change
Changes in the buoyancy of the land, land rises, causing relative sea levels to fall
62
emergent coast
exhibiting features
associated with falling sea levels e.g. raised beaches no pressure forced upon land, relict cliffs
63
submergent coast
exhibiting features with rising sea levels e.g. rias, fjords, Dalmatian coast
64
submergent landforms
form when the eustatic rise in sea level takes place, faster than the isostatic rebound, water starts to flood the land
65
rias
river valley, rising sea levels, high land visible
66
Fjord
glacial valley, rising sea levels, u shaped valley
67
social impacts of climate change
less tourism, eye sores, less pressure, home destruction, culture shock, social costs
68
environmental impacts of climate change
sea level rise, extreme weather, greenhouse effects, habitat destruction, marine life destroyed, impact on farmland
69
New York - sea level rise
9 million people, 4 ft rise, 10-20 ft protections, property insurance issues, 50-100 ft extensions, $10 billion private investments, 75% underground travel - Wall Street, flood gates in critical places
70
economic impacts of climate change
stress on government, engineering schemes ruined, loss of money, loss of business, trade links
71
Climate Change affecting coastal communities
loss of money and businesses in local economies, stress on management
72
hard engineering
physical change to the coastal landscape using resistant materials like concrete boulders wood and metal, major construction working against nature
73
revetment
sloping concrete or wooden defence facing the sea, absorbs waves and traps beach material, wooden last 10 years, concrete last concrete 30 years, cheap
74
Rip rap
made form granite and hard rocks, absorb energy of waves, £1000 per meter, lasts around 120 years, still let water through so some erosion takes place, cheap
75
off shore water break
built parallel to the coast off the rock, reduces wave energy, doesn’t obstruct the beach
76
soft engineering
this is where the natural environment is used to help reduce coastal erosion, beach nourishment, dune regeneration, manage retreat
77
cliff Regrading and drainage
reducing the angle of a cliff to stabilise it, drainage removes excess water which prevents landslides and slumping
78
tombolo
connects to island
79
hard engineering - abbotts farm
unnatural look, concrete and man made, expensive
80
Christchurch
4th of may -18th June 2021
Ground repairs from Aron beach to high cliff beach and mudford sandbank
Rock armour reinforcement of storm point path
Beach recycling between Aron beach and high cliff beach and thigh cliff beach
81
dune stabilisation
planting of marram grass and fencing off areas are employed to protect the dunes
82
iczm
Integrated coastal zone management = doing phase, hard and soft engineering (combination), people to help make decisions/the opinions they may have
83
abbotts hall farm
manage retreat scheme
Deliberately flooded to create a bigger flood defence, removal of sea wall, more biodiversity, vegetation, beach barrier, 50% lost in lat 2 years, 25km
84
smp
shore management plan = planning, research and assessment
85
3 SMPs
86
Soft engineering - abbots farm
cheaper, more management, natural, tourism, high upkeep, biodiversity
87
smps
22 in uk, combination of all sustainability considered, environmental, social, economic
88
why do we need amps and izcms
Biodiversity loss, habitat destruction, pollution, conflicts between stakeholders, overcrowding
89
managed realignments
policy allows realignment of the shoreline with management control or limit the movement
90
hold the line
defences are maintained and upgraded or replaces in their current position where funding permits
91
no active intervention
Policy decision not to invest in the provision or maintenance of any defences. Where there are no existing defences the shoreline will continue to evolve naturally
92
advance the line
new defences are built, manhattan, New York, losing land, protect Wall Street, stop erosion further out to sea, break up waves, visually appealing, doesn’t obstruct beach
93
dawlish warren, Devon
Natural spit, protects coastline, attracts tourism, leisure, parking, train - easy access, exercise, rip-rap, grounds, protest the loss of sediment, hard engineering, protects farmland and dunes, boats and harbour - fishing, 3000 properties would be affected, mudflats, saltmarshes, dunes, beach, 600 tree plant types, half a million visitors per year, research - checked back in time to see how the coastline eroded and to slow it down, sea wall, gabions replaced, grounds - expensive, geotube buried under dunes and sand, weather, tides and environment effected time and construction, monitoring, long process, upkeep, still happening
94
Article dawlish warren
in 2017 £14 million flood defence scheme, 450 metre long geotube - sto sand from moving along whole beach, hard engineering, protect railway line and thousands of homes, risk of extreme weather, commuters to and from London and Exeter, reduce flood risk, blends into the landscape - tourists happy
95
Norfolk - coastal management plan
2008, 15km sea defences, between Eccles-on sea and Winterton-on-sea, would be unsustainable in 20-50 years, loss of 6 villages, would flood over 100km squared
96
blackpool
reventments, cheap, high maintenance, unnatural, wooden.concrete
97
20 marker lay out
intro 1 paragraph 10%
Main body 3/4 paragraphs 80-90%
Conclusion 1 paragraph 10%
98
ao1
knowledge and understanding
99
ao2
explain and evaluation
100
Mass movement
Sudden movements of soil and rock because of gravity and erosion
101
Pevernsey bay
East Sussex coastline, 50km flooding area, 10000 properties, recreational and commercial sites, A259 coast road, railway from Hastings to Portsmouth, 2 nature reserves, SSSI wetlands site, livestock and farms
102
Pevernsey bay coastal processes
Minimise effects of power of the sea, prevailing winds, reduce flood risk, flatter beach’s, reduced wave energy, 25,000 m³, each lost every year
103
Pevernsey bay Costal defences
Project began in 2000, initial budget of £30 million manage and improve existing shingle Beach, work with natural environment of local sediment cell, environmentally and aesthetically acceptable, 150 wooden timber groins, focus on more sustainable soft management approach
104
Beach management strategies in pevensey Bay
Recharge – natural movement of sediment west to east along the coast, recycling – the rate of drift of material along the bay varies from place to place, bypassing – harbour interrupts West east movement of sediment, reprofiling – destructive waves remove material, groins – restoring 150 groins along the bay, the groins fail so removed them as each one failed, recycled, beach surveys – twice a month. GPS receive a survey speech maintain sustainability of project as replenishment reprofiling and recycling manage.
105
The Sundarbans, Bangladesh
10,000 km² of Southern Bangladesh and India mangrove forest and swamps, title action shapes, coastline, clay, and soil deposits, large river channels, sand dunes, vegetation, tigers, local populations,
106
Challenges and opportunities
Mäin forest extremely important for ecosystem for the local populations, economic and environmental opportunities, goods and services, provide many materials, flood defence, maintain vegetation and area
107
Human response to the challenges
Resilience and provide protection from storm winds, floods, tsunami, coastal erosion, reduce tsunami destructive force by 90%, more resilient to natural disasters, nutritious foods – fertile soil, fishing, timber, high economic value
108
Migration
Risk of number of people, challenge the environment, pressures like deforestation, over fishing, agriculture intensity, settlement growth, some areas have had significant investment such as schools, hospitals, roads, food protection,
108
Livelihood assets of the communities
Financial – savings, food cash, human – people, health, education, training, social – groups and local networks, natural – land water, common property resources, physical – houses, tube wells, electricity, livestock tools
109
Livelihood assets decreasing because of
Shrinking of open access resource resources, decreasing of ecosystems, corruption of local and national institutions, conflict over land ownership, increasing death by Tigers
110
Adaptations
Encourage farmers to more traditional and eco-friendly methods, provide education and training about community preparation for natural disasters, organisations help, cyclone shelters, education, water tight containers
110
Challenges of the sundarbans
Increasing frequency and intensity of floods, flood waters remaining for longer, permanent embankments encouraging deposition and raising water levels, rising temperatures, increased pesticide use, changes to seasonal patterns of rain
111
Opportunities for sustainable development
Eco – tourism, international national aid and designations
