coasts

Question 1

what are constructive waves?

Answer 1

calm, not very tall, deposit material to build the beach, low frequency, deposition, swash stronger than backwash

Question 2

what are destructive waves?

Answer 2

backwash stronger than swash, break down beach, high frequency, tall, erosion

Question 3

what are the two types of weathering?

Answer 3

chemical and mechanical

Question 4

what happens in chemical weathering?

Answer 4

the chemical composition of material changes

Question 5

what is an example of chemical weathering?

Answer 5

acid rain, caused by carbon dioxide dissolving in the atmosphere, the acid rain hits rock and dissolves it

Question 6

what is the main type of mechanical weathering?

Answer 6

freeze-thaw

Question 7

what happens in freeze-thaw weathering?

Answer 7

in cold climates, water enters cracks and freezes, as it freezes the crack expands, meaning it fills with more water and the process repeats

Question 8

what is weathering?

Answer 8

the natural processes that break down rock

Question 9

what is mass movement?

Answer 9

the large movement of soil or rock down a slope or cliff-face

Question 10

what are the main causes of mass movement?

Answer 10

weather, erosion, gravity

Question 11

what are the three examples of mass movement?

Answer 11

rockfalls, sliding, slumping

Question 12

what happens with rockfalls?

Answer 12

when materials crumble and break down the cliff

Question 13

what happens with sliding?

Answer 13

materials move down a slope in a straight line

Question 14

what happens with slumping?

Answer 14

when material moves down a slope at a curve

Question 15

what are the four erosional processes?

Answer 15

hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition, solution

Question 16

describe what happens with hydraulic action

Answer 16

water fills cracks and causes them to expand

Question 17

describe what happens with attrition

Answer 17

where different rocks hit against each other and cause each other to get smaller and round

Question 18

describe what happens with abrasion

Answer 18

rocks bounce along the sea bed and become smaller as they break apart

Question 19

describe what happens with solution

Answer 19

rocks like chalk dissolve in slightly acidic water

Question 20

how are wave-cut platforms formed?

Answer 20

destructive waves erode the bottom of cliff, forming a wave-cut notch; the rock above it collapses as it has no support; destructive waves continue to erode, forming another wave-cut notch; more debris falls without any support and the cliff beings to retreat backward

Question 21

where are headlands and bays formed?

Answer 21

alternating bands of hard and soft rock

Question 22

what forms at a band of hard rock?

Answer 22

headlands

Question 23

what forms at bands of soft rock?

Answer 23

bays

Question 24

what landforms form at bands of hard rock?

Answer 24

caves, arches and stumps

Question 25

how are caves formed?

Answer 25

cracks at headlands are eroded by hydraulic action

Question 26

how are arches formed?

Answer 26

caves erode fully from one side to the other

Question 27

how are stacks formed?

Answer 27

when the top of an arch falls due to gravity

Question 28

what are the four transportational processes?

Answer 28

suspension, saltation, solution, traction

Question 29

what is solution (transportation)?

Answer 29

rocks like chalk dissolve in slightly acidic water and are carried

Question 30

what happens in suspension?

Answer 30

when insoluble rocks are carried by the water but not dissolved

Question 31

when happens in saltation?

Answer 31

small rocks bounce along the bed of the sea, traveling in the direction of water

Question 32

what happens in traction?

Answer 32

where large rocks are dragged along the sea bed by the current

Question 33

what is hard engineering?

Answer 33

protecting coastlines from erosions using man-made structures

Question 34

what is soft engineering?

Answer 34

manipulating natural structure so protect coastlines from erosion

Question 35

where is the holderness coastline located?

Answer 35

north-east of England

Question 36

how far does the holderness coastline retreat every year?

Answer 36

1-2 metres