Coasts

Question 1

Abrasion

Answer 1

Rock and sand in waves grinds down the cliff

Question 2

Attrition

Answer 2

Waves knock pebbles together and break them up and smoothen them

Question 3

Solution

Answer 3

Acid in sea water dissolves rock

Question 4

LSD

Answer 4

The movement of beach material along the coast by waves which approach at an angle but recede in a straight line

Question 5

Natural features that shape the coast

Answer 5

• destructive waves
• constructive waves
• discordant coastline
• concordat coastline
• wind
• water depth

Question 6

Destructive waves

Answer 6

Created in storm conditions
High in energy
Strong backwash and weak awash
Erode coast causing steep beach

Question 7

Constructive waves

Answer 7

Created in calm weather
Low energy
Strong awash and weak backwash
Build up of coast which deposits material and causes wide flat beach

Question 8

Discordant coastline

Answer 8

Rock type alternates
Forms headlands as hard rock is eroded less
Forms bays and soft rock erodes more

Question 9

Concordant coastline

Answer 9

Same type of rock along coastline

When waves attack weak points the outer rock is punctured

Question 10

Beach material

Answer 10

Shingle- steeper

Sand- gentle profile

Question 11

Wind

Answer 11

Strong wind moves sand inland and creates sand dunes

Weak wind creates gently sloping beaches e.g. In Brighton

Question 12

Water depth

Answer 12

Affects speed and strength of waves as they approach shore
Contributes to coast natural environment e.g. Coral reefs will not grow at depths over 50-70n because they need sunlight to photosynthesise

Question 13

Physical factors affecting coastlines

Answer 13

1) land and location - shape of coastline, relief, rock resistance, beach or no beach
2) weather and climate - rainfall, temp, wind strength, storms
3) sea - wave depth, water level, wave energy, LSD
4) human activity - intervention on natural ecosystems, use of land for development, resource exploitation

Question 14

Retirement coast

Answer 14

Eastbourne

Question 15

Resource rich coast

Answer 15

South East Asia

Question 16

Tourism coast

Answer 16

Benidorm

Question 17

Industrial coast

Answer 17

Rotterdam

Question 18

Specialised coast

Answer 18

Gulf coast in Portugal (50% of nations salt marshes)

Question 19

Coastalisation

Answer 19

The movement of people in coastal areas

Question 20

How many people live within 40m of the sea?

Answer 20

Over half the worlds population

Question 21

What is the rate at which costal populations are growing at?

Answer 21

4 times the rate of the global average!

Question 22

Why do people move to coast?

Answer 22

Equitable climate, fertile soil, flat land, biodiversity, farming, transport and trade, recreation and tourism, fishing

Question 23

What are coastal development goods?

Answer 23

Goods - products derived directly from marine ecosystems

Dish and meat, building materials, tidal energy, oil and natural gas

Question 24

What are coastal development services?

Answer 24

Services- benefits people ovarian from coastal ecosystems
Flood and storm protection, recreational opportunities, employment, reads, natural habitats, air purification, water purification

Question 25

Coastal development timeline

Answer 25

1000- early population attracted by food security and transport 1750- industrialisation bringing prosperity to ports handling raw materials 1800- increased security of coasts encouraging settlement growth 1850- seaside resorts and coastal tourism increases 1930- paid holidays from work give tourism a boost 1950- large scale expansion of ports 1980- growth of water based recreation and rising demand for second coastal jokes 2000- wind and tidal power developed and specialist poets as well as increase recreation

Question 26

Butlers model stage 1

Answer 26

18 century- fashionable for well off people to go to seaside for holiday and health benefits

Question 27

Butlers model stage 2

Answer 27

1849 railway built so town flourishes

Question 28

Butlers model stage 3

Answer 28

1872 pier built and in next 10 years large hotels built like cavendish and grand as well as theatres and bandstand

Question 29

Butlers model stage 4

Answer 29

Same as stage 3

Question 30

Butlers model stage 5

Answer 30

Bombing during ww2 results in decline of population and growth as well as cheap international flights meaning people go abroad

Question 31

Butlers model stage 6

Answer 31

Decline resulted in 23% of properties along seafront becoming vacant Unemployment rates above national average Rejuvenation leads to development of soverign harbour and £10m restoration of grand hotel

Question 32

Why have coastal resorts declined?

Answer 32

``` Carrying capacity reached Cheaper flights abroad People have longer holidays so travel further away Poor enviro quality Lack of investment ```

Question 33

What are the impacts of coastal resort decline?

Answer 33

``` Higher unemployment Building and land degradation Lower living standards No investment Alcoholics violence etc ```

Question 34

Hydraulic action

Answer 34

Air is trapped in the joints in cliffs so when the wave breaks the air is compressed and weakens and erodes the cliff

Question 35

SSSI

Answer 35

Countries best wildlife and geological sites to support plants and wildlife that find it difficult to survive in wider countrysides

Question 36

AONB

Answer 36

Area of outstanding natural beauty - landscape with distinct character Secured by law Led by local authorities

Question 37

NNR

Answer 37

National nature reserves - many if finest wildlife and geological sites Established to protect sensitive features and provide outdoor labs for research Managed by natural England

Question 38

Coastal erosion

Answer 38

Increased by global warming which increases jet steam which increases sea surface temp which increases risk of storms