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Geography (Physical) > Coasts > Flashcards

Coasts Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a destructive way?

A

The swash is weak and the back wash is strong which means material is dragged back down a beach into the sea

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2
Q

What types of weathering are there?

A

Freeze thaw
Chemical
Biological

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3
Q

What is mass movement?

A

The downhill movement of material under the influence of gravity

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4
Q

How does slumps happen?

A

When the rock is saturated and slides down a curved slip plane

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5
Q

What causes a wave?

A

When wind is blowing across the sea, friction between the wind and water surface causes the wave

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6
Q

What is wave frequency?

A

The number of waves passing a point per second

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7
Q

What is a wave period?

A

The time required for the wave to crest at one point to another

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8
Q

What is the swash of a wave?

A

Forward movement of water at the beach

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9
Q

What is the back wash of a wave?

A

The backward movement of water returning back to the sea under the influence of gravity, falls at 90° to the beach

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10
Q

What is a discordant costline?

A

When hard and soft rocks are lined up vertically

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11
Q

What is a concordant coastline?

A

When different type sof rocks are lined up horizontally

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12
Q

What features are formed at a discordant coastline?

A

Headland

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13
Q

What feature is formed at a concordant coastline?

A

Cove and bays

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14
Q

Name a method of physical/mechanical weathering

A

Freeze thaw, water freezes in small cracks to expand them and repeats over time for the rock to eventually break off

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15
Q

What is chemical weathering?

A

When acidic rain with CO2 in it reacts with rocks like limestone and dissloves it

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16
Q

What is a landslide?

A

Where blocks of rock are displaced and slide downhill

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17
Q

What is a mudflow?

A

Where saturated soil and small rock flows down a slope

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18
Q

What is longshore drift?

A

The process by which material is moved a lon a coastline

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19
Q

What do prevailing winds determine?

A

The angle of the swash

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20
Q

What features can result from a headland?

A

Caves, arches, stacks

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21
Q

How is a stack/stump formed?

A

Hydraulic action on a cliff faces forms cracks from the sheer pressure
The cracks weaken and rock breaks off to form a cave
After continuous weathering and erosion, the cave breaks through to form an arch
The arch is attacked by waves putting more pressure on top of the arch so eventually it falls off
This leaves a stack which is eventually eroded into a stump

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22
Q

What is a wave cut plat form?

A

The sloping left behind ad a result of clifff retreat

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23
Q

What happens in cliff retreat

A

The same as a formation of a waterfall but the under cut is called a ‘wave cut notch’

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24
Q

What are deposition landforms a result of?

A

Constructive waves

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25
What are some despositional land forms?
Spit and beaches
26
What is a beach?
The accumulation aof sand and shingle found where deposition occurs on the coast
27
Where does wave refraction occur?
When they evter sheltered bays
28
Why does deposition occur in a bay?
Because wave refraction spreads out and reduces the wave energy
29
What is an example of.a spit?
Spurn point, Yorkshire coastline
30
What is a spit?
A finger of new land made of sand and shingle, jutting out into the sea from the coast
31
What created spits?
Long term long shore drift
32
What is a bar?
A spit that has fpgrown across a bay
33
Why are sea levels rising?
Thermal expansion Melting glaciers and mountain ice caps Greenland and antarctic ice sheets melt
34
What is a storm surge?
A change in sea level that is caused by bad weather
35
What are two causes of storm surges?
High winds | Low pressure
36
What is an impact of sea level rising?
Loss of island ps like Tuvalu and the Maldives
37
What are the potential impacts of sea level change on South east england?
Erosion rate increases in Happisburgh | Flooding of valuable farm land in The Fens
38
What happened at Canvey Island in 1953?
300 people were killed after a storm surge
39
What does the thames barrier protect?
1.25million people | £80billion worth of buildings
40
What is the case study for cliff collapse?
Holbeck Hall in Scarborough , 1993
41
What happened at holbeck hall?
The clay dried up in the cliffs due to a dry summer in 1992 but the winter of 92-93 was very wet so it saturated the clay Huge blocks of clay slipped down the cliff, lubricatesby water along the cracks (rotational cliff slumping)
42
What type of rock was the cliff composed of at holbeck hall?
Boulder clay
43
What was the impact of the cliff collapse at holbeck hall?
Tourism industry fell | Loss of housing-> no home insurance -> stress
44
What was a response of the cliff collapse at holbeck hall?
£2million of defences
45
What can be done to stop cliff collapse?
Plant new vegetation thats resistant to salt and erosion Rocka rmour Sheets of special strong plastic called geotextile Drainage plants
46
What are advantages of hard engineering?
Likely to be effective Land will be stable Income (tourism protected)
47
What are some advantages of soft engineering?
Works with nature Blends into the environment Sustainable
48
What are disadvantages of hard engineering?
Expensive Needs to be maintained Visual impacts Interfere with natural processes
49
What are some disadvantages of soft engineering?
Areas can be lost to the sea Might not be as effective People can lose their homes
50
What are three coastal management mathods (hard)?
Groynes Rock armour Sea walls
51
What are three coastal management mathods (soft)?
Beach nourishment Dune regeneration Managed retreat and salt marsh creation
52
What is beach nourishment?
The addition of snad and shingle to dissipate wave energy so erosion reduces
53
How much does beach nourishment cost?
£3000/m
54
What is a groyne?
Timer/rock at 90° to coast line | Built out into the sea
55
What are pros and cons of groynes?
Pros:relatively inexpensive compared to other structures Cons: increases rate of erosion further down the coast
56
What is the most expensive hard engineering strategy for coastal manage ment?
Sea walls - £6million per km
57
What is the case study for coastal management?
Holderness Coast, East Yorkshire
58
How much has the land at holderness coast retreated since the roman times?
3-4km, 29 villages destroyed in last 1000years
59
What/Where is Cliff House farm?
South of mappleton groyne | Theyre pig farmers
60
What are the arguments for Mappleton Groyne?
Protects a village of 100 people | Its cheaper ti save the road B1242 than build a new one
61
What are the arguments against Mappleton Groyne?
Stress and anxiety if loss of homes | The need for crops from farmland do not have a high demand as they can be imported from the EU
62
What is the coastal habitat case study?
Studland Bay, Dorset
63
How are sand dunes formed?
When sand is deposited on a beach by longshore drift. As the sand dries between periods of high and low tide, it can be blown landwards and trapped by plants to become the beginnings of a san dune system
64
What is the order of dunes landwards?
Embryo, fore, yellow, grey, mature
65
What is the pioneer species at a sand dune?
Seacouch
66
What are the three plants in a dune environment?
Seacouch, marram grass, heather
67
What are sand dune environments like?
``` Alkaline conditions Large amount of salt spray Extremely dry Large supple of sand A prevailing on shore wind Large, exposed area ```
68
How does vegetation change from sea to further in land?
Seachouch at embryo and fore dunes Marram grass at yellow/grey dunes because the roots start to stabalise the dunes Heather, pine trees at mature dunes so very very stable
69
What case study do we use for managing a coastal environment?
Isle of Purbeck in Dorset
70
What are the management strategies used at Isle of Purbeck?
Designated paths, board walks, information boards. Planting marram grass

Geography (Physical) (11 decks)

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